Prevalence+Significance of Paraneoplastic Autoantibodies in Many Cancers

Objectives:

To determine prospectively the prevalence and specificity of anti-Hu and other paraneoplastic antibodies in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and other cancers including, but not limited to, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and Hodgkin's disease / the prevalence of other autoimmune antibodies in patients with SCLC and other cancers including but not limited to anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-P53 antibodies, rheumatoid factor and anti-calcium channel antibodies /the prevalence and significance of antibodies against a LEMS-related antigen (MysB)/whether the production of autoantibodies including anti-Hu antibodies is related to patient MHC phenotype.

• To examine tumor specimens and other available tissues (sputum and bone marrow, if possible) for the presence of Hu antigen-expressing cells, and/or cells expressing other paraneoplastic antigens/patients with SCLC and other cancers for the development of neurologic signs, paraneoplastic or otherwise.
• Attempts will be made to evaluate all patients at the time of initial consultation by the primary oncologist. If this is not possible, attempts will be made to obtain the neurological evaluation at the time of the next visit with the oncologist, or in case of inpatients, during the patient's admission. A complete history and neurologic examination will be performed at that time by the neurologist with documentation of signs and symptoms. The patient will be given the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale to complete (see attached).
• At initial evaluation, blood will be obtained for the following laboratory studies including but not limited to (for children the amount of blood drawn will be no more than 5 cc per Kg for each visit): A) Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-nuclear, anti-thyroglobulin, anti-microsomal, anti-Ro, and antip53 antibodies. B) HLA Typing (HLA-ABC, IEF, Class II DNA) and lymphocyte analysis C) Anti-neuronal antibodies, including HuD, HuC and HeI-N1, anti-Yo, anti-Ri, anti-Tr antibodies D) LEMS-associated antibodies (MysB antibodies)
• At follow-up (approximately every 4 months) appointments, blood samples will be obtained for the following studies, including but not limited to, anti-neuronal antibodies HuC and HeI-N1) and LEMS-associated antibodies (MysB antibodies).
• Tissue samples obtained at diagnosis or during the course of treatment (tumor resection or biopsy, sputum collections or bone marrow aspirations) will be evaluated for the expression of Hu and other paraneoplastic antigens.
• As part of the study, patients with positive paraneoplastic antibody serology will be requested to undergo a lumbar puncture for antibody determination of these antibodies, cellcount, and chemistry (proteins, glucose, and IgG index) in CSF. In pediatric neuroblastoma patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma the lumbar puncture will be avoided, since there is preliminary evidence suggesting increased risk for leptomeningeal dissemination. Antibody positive patients will be offered quantitative sensory testing for evaluation of subclinical sensory neuronopathy. This test analyzes the minimum increments of sensory stimuli (cold, hot and vibration) required to be noticed by the patient, and compares these results with known normal standard values. The test is given by the clinical neurologist, and does not cause any discomfort.

Conventional nerve conduction studies or EMG are not required, unless the patient has symptoms and signs of neuropathy, or the patient is asymptomatic but the quantitative sensory test is abnormal. In these situations nerve conduction and EMG studies of upper and lower extremities will be obtained. All patients who undergo CSF analysis, will be required to have a blood test (glucose, proteins, and IgG) to be compared with the CSF values and to obtain the IgG index (a measurement of intrathecal synthesis of IgG).

• Patients with positive anti-Mys B antibody serology, or with symptoms suggesting LEMS (proximal weakness, decreased or absent reflexes) will be offered EMG, nerve conduction studies, and repetitive stimulation.
• A random sample of 20% of patients not presenting with positive anti-Hu serology will be offered quantitative sensory testing for evaluation of subclinical sensory neuropathy in order to serve as a control group. Spinal fluid from patients who undergo lumbar puncture for reasons unrelated to anti-Hu serology results (approximately 10-15% of patients) will serve as a control for the spinal fluids obtained from seropositive patients. In these patients a sample of blood will be obtained to measure glucose, proteins, IgG, and IgG index

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with previous cancers or concurrent cancers. Patient has or may have, newly-diagnosed or recurrent SCLC, or mixed small cell/non small cell lung cancer, or neuroblastoma, or ovarian or breast cancer, or Hodgkin's disease in all cases confirmed by pathological review.

Exclusion criteria

• Patient refusal to participate in follow-up clinical evaluations. For minors, parental or guardian refusal.
• Patient refusal to provide blood samples for autoantibody determinations and HLA typing (total 4 tubes).