Prevalence of Vertebral Fractures in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Individuals with type 1 diabetes

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least 5 years;
• Age 20 years and older.

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnancy or breastfeeding;
• Conditions associated with bone disease (significant liver disease, intestinal malabsorption other than celiac disease, organ transplant, active cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism with abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, adrenal insufficiency);
• Any of these medications in the past 6 months : glucocorticoids ≥ 7,5 mg prednisone/day or equivalency ≥ 3 months, aromatase inhibitors, antiandrogens, antiepileptic drugs, anticoagulants, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, thiazolidinediones;
• Past medical history of traumatic vertebral fracture;
• Inability to consent.

Healthy controls

Inclusion criteria

• Age 20 years and older.

Exclusion criteria

• As above (as individuals with diabetes), and :
• Diagnosis of diabetes or prediabetes;
• Celiac disease;
• Chronic kidney disease (CrCl < 60 mL/min);
• Any of theses medications in the past 6 months : biphosphonates, teriparatide, denosumab, calcitonin;
• Past medical history of fragility fracture.