Prevalence of Traumatic Events and PTSD in Immigrant and Non-immigrant Patients With Psychotic Disorder

Assessed by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): is a self-administered 28-item scale to measure abuse and neglect suffered in childhood on five subscales: emotional, physical or sexual abuse, and emotional or physical neglect, each subscale scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The score for each subscale classifies the severity of the abuse and neglect as: "none to minimal," "low to moderate," "moderate to severe" and "severe to extreme".

Cumulative Trauma Scale (CTS): Assesses exposure and emotional involvement to 33 traumatic events, especially oriented to minority groups such as refugees, prisoners or mental health patients. Each item on a 7-point Likert scale (from "1-extremely positive to 7-extremely negative"). Higher scores show more cumulative lifetime traumatic events exposure.

The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (Holmes & Rahe): is used to determine which common stressful life events a patient has experienced in the last 12 months, with each life event scored according to a standardized measure of their impact and a total score provided by summing all those applicable to the patient. Scores <150 are correlated with low stress, 150-299 scores are correlated with moderate stress and >300 scores are correlated with high level of stress.

Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition (DSM-V), (CAPS-5): is a 55-item clinician-applied scale to determine PTSD diagnosis, based on the current DSM-V criteria. This scale consists of three sections: events, symptoms and functioning.

Psychotic symptoms are measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia an 30-item clinician administered scale which measures positive, negative and general psychopathological symptoms on a scale of 1-7, based on the severity of the symptom (1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, and 7=extreme). The higher scores are correlated with more severe symptomatology.

A total score of 58 indicates "moderate severity," while a PANSS score of 75 represents "marked severity." A PANSS total score of 95 corresponds to "severe severity," and a score of 116 signifies "very severe severity."

Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES): is a 28-item self-report scale which measures the frequency with which an individual experiences a range of dissociative experiences, from normal to pathological. An overall mean score ranges from 0 to 100, and there are subscales for amnesia, dissociation and depersonalization. A total score of over 30 indicate high levels of dissociation

A diagnosis of substance use disorder (alcohol or other illicit substances) will be made according to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition (DSM-V) criteria.