Prevalence of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in Pediatrics

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but serious condition characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. [1] Two main subtypes of HUS are recognized. The majority of pediatric cases are classified as typical HUS, most frequently associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection. In contrast, atypical HUS (aHUS) is less common, accounting for approximately 5-10% of cases, and is linked to dysregulation of the complement system. The clinical course and prognosis differ significantly between these subtypes.[2].

Understanding the prevalence of HUS is critical for early recognition and timely intervention, especially in resource-limited settings. [3] Complications of HUS can be severe and include neurological manifestations, hypertension, persistent renal impairment, and in some cases, death. Early diagnosis and supportive care are critical for improved outcomes [4].

Local factors such as water safety, sanitation, access to early antibiotics, and public health surveillance greatly affect the observed prevalence. [5] The management of typical HUS caused by STEC is generally supportive. [6] For aHUS, early treatment is crucial to avoid end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality. The cornerstones of treatment for aHUS are first-line therapy with eculizumab [7]

Inclusion criteria

• Patients aged below 18 years at the time of diagnosis.
• Confirmed diagnosis of HUS based on the clinical triad (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury).

Exclusion criteria

• Patients aged 18 years or above at the time of diagnosis.
• Incomplete or missing medical records that do not confirm the diagnosis.