In the U.S., 3.6 million people who inject drugs (PWID) face a syndemic of overdose and severe injection related infections (SIRI). Current efforts addressing this crisis remain inadequate as evidence-informed interventions (EIIs) to prevent or reduce SIRI from injection opioid use are not widely implemented and typically limited to syringe service programs. SIRI, which includes bacterial infections (e.g., cellulitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis), hepatitis C virus, and HIV, significantly increase morbidity, mortality, and costs. HIV, in particular, can be prevented through access to two EIIs: sterile injection equipment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, PWID in many jurisdictions lack access to these interventions due to shortages of syringe servie programs and clinicians willing to prescribe them. As a result, PWID nationwide have seen rising HIV incidence, threatening the goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. For example, in Pennsylvania, where 90% of PWID lack access to SSPs, acute HIV infections rose by 150% between 2016 and 2019, and SIRI-related hospitalizations increased by 250% since 2010. This wide evidence-to-implementation gap underscores the urgent need for participatory implementation research to integrate these two high-priority EIIs into routine medical practice.
Outpatient clinics represent a missed opportunity to implement these two EIIs. Outpatient clinics, including primary care and Federally Qualified Health Centers, are more accessible and face fewer restrictions than SSPs. While integrating these EIIs in outpatient clinics aligns with federal priorities, prescribing remains uncommon even in addiction treatment contexts. Modeling shows that when outpatient clinics prescribe injection equipment, SIRI-related hospitalizations are reduced by 30%, and when PrEP is prescribed, it increases uptake among PWID. However, gaps remain in how to effectively implement the prescribing of injection equipment and PrEP in these settings.
Prescribe to Prevent HIV, is a participatory study designed to co-create and pilot a tailored implementation strategy bundle for prescribing injection equipment and PrEP in four Pennsylvania Centers of Excellence in Opioid Use Disorders (COEs). The approach combines implementation science with human-centered design, engaging a collaborative of individuals with lived experience, clinicians, and organizations serving PWID throughout all study phases to ensure relevance and sustainability.
Development of the strategy bundle will begin by identifying implementation barriers and facilitators through 24 semi-structured interviews with COE patients, administrators, clinicians, and staff, guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and informed by input from a community collaborative of individuals with lived experience. Then, using a human-centered design process, a tailored, practical, and adaptable strategy bundle will be co-created based on findings from the semi-structured interviews, insights from the community collaborative, and input gathered through four focus groups-one each with COE patients, clinicians, staff, and administrators-for implementation across the four COE sites.
A cluster randomized, waitlist-controlled hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness pilot trial will then be conducted at the 4 COEs. The trial will assess implementation of the strategy bundle for prescribing injection equipment and PrEP in outpatient clinics. Primary implementation outcomes will include site-level adoption and maintenance, measured by the proportion of clinicians prescribing injection equipment and/or PrEP at the end of the 6-month implementation period (adoption), and at 12 months (maintenance). Secondary outcomes will include patient-level SIRI-related hospitalizations and negative HIV test results.
