Preoperative Immunotherapy Combined With Stereotactic Radiation Therapy Boost in the Treatment of HER2-negative Breast Cancer

The study aims to assess the safety and effectiveness of the combination of anti-PD1 (PD-1, programmed cell death-1) immunotherapy (pembrolizumab) with radiotherapy in the preoperative treatment of triple-negative or luminal HER2-negative (HER2, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) (breast cancer, stage IIA/IIB/III/IV (with an acceptable oligometastatic form), resistant to classical chemotherapy

After screening and administration of standard induction chemotherapy, the study will be conducted in a group of patients selected on the basis of lack of metabolic response after the 1st cycle of chemotherapy, and the subject of the intervention will be:

• addition of preoperative immunotherapy with pembrolizumab or placebo to standard chemotherapy, using a double-blind randomized trial in a ratio of 2:1, respectively
• addition of a boost of preoperative robotic stereotactic radiotherapy in all patients, simultaneously with the use of paclitaxel +/- carboplatin and pembrolizumab/placebo.

Inclusion criteria

• A woman or a man over 18 years of age.
• Diagnosis of invasive breast cancer
• Patient eligible for standard preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer with anthracyclines and paclitaxel, according to the investigator's assessment
• Breast cancer stage:

• any T cN1-cN3
• cT4 any N (stages IIA/IIB/III/IV, excluding cT1-3 N0 patients).
• Oligometastatic disease is allowed (stage IV, up to 3 foci in one organ or 2 foci in total in 2 different organs), if radical treatment using local methods is possible, both in the treatment of the primary tumor and in the treatment of the metastatic focus (radiotherapy, surgery). Patients with distant metastases who do not qualify for radical treatment cannot be included.
• Cancer without estrogen receptor expression (ER<1% and PR<1%) or luminal cancer
• HER2-negative cancer
• Definitely multifocal or multicentric tumors are acceptable if HER2 negative status is confirmed in all identified invasive tumor foci; this is not required in the case of satellite lesions adjacent to the tumor mass or small lesions less than 1 cm in diameter identified in MRI
• No prior chemotherapy for a current diagnosis of breast cancer and no prior anthracycline chemotherapy for any reason; earlier preoperative hormone therapy is allowed if, in the investigator's opinion, the patient requires the initiation of chemotherapy; patients may be included after 1 cycle of AC chemotherapy (1 administration) if the patient underwent a PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography) scan using 18-FDG before starting treatment
• Any oncological treatment for another cancer is acceptable if it was radical, ended at least 1 year before inclusion in the study and did not include radiotherapy in the chest area on the same side as the currently treated breast cancer
• There are no contraindications to radiation treatment
• ECOG PS (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status) status 0 or 1
• Bone marrow function confirmed by hemoglobin concentration ≥9 g/dL and neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1500/μL and PLT (platelets) count ≥100,000/μL
• Bilirubin concentration ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN), except for patients with a diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome confirmed by previous measurements or another method (then direct bilirubin ≤ ULN)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity ≤ 3 x ULN
• Creatinine concentration ≤ ULN or creatinine clearance ≥50 mL/min according to the Cockcroft-Gault method in patients with creatinine concentration above the upper limit of normal
• Left ventricular ejection fraction EF ≥ 50%
• No contraindications to breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• In patients with reproductive potential: consent to implement adequate contraceptive methods before enrollment in the study, during therapy and for at least 6 months after the end of systemic treatment
• Giving informed written consent to participate in the study

Exclusion criteria

• Inflammatory breast cancer (cT4d)
• Hypersensitivity to drugs or excipients used in the study, which, in the opinion of the researcher, does not allow therapy to be initiated
• Major surgical or medical procedure within 14 days prior to study entry; does not apply to ovariectomy performed laparoscopically, including as a risk-reducing surgical procedure and ovarian biopsy as a fertility preservation procedure and diagnostic procedures
• Parallel coexisting invasive cancer
• Co-existing known HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, known active HBV (hepatitis B virus) or HCV (hepatitis C virus) infection
• Diagnosed autoimmune disease requiring immunosuppressive therapy; does not apply to thyroid diseases if, in the opinion of the endocrinologist, they are not a contraindication to pembrolizumab therapy
• Any disease requiring systemic steroid therapy within 3 weeks before enrollment in the study
• Serious, uncontrolled mental illness
• Condition after organ allotransplantation
• Condition after implantation of devices that do not allow breast MRI examination (does not apply to examinations with the assistance of a cardiologist, if the patient qualifies for such a procedure);
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Previous treatment with anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2 or drugs targeting other T cell receptor inhibitors
• History of non-infectious pneumonia requiring steroid therapy or current pneumonia
• Active infection requiring systemic treatment
• Significant cardiovascular disease, such as acute coronary syndrome within the last 6 months,
• History of active tuberculosis
• Other criteria, comorbidities, conditions, therapies, laboratory abnormalities, or circumstances that, in the investigator's opinion, do not allow the study procedures to be safely performed, may interfere with the study results, or may substantially impair patient compliance