Preconception Intervention for Incarcerated Women With Substance Use

The investigators will recruit 90 female participants from one of two jail-based SUD treatment programs: the court-mandated substance use disorder treatment program (CM-SUDTx) or the Medication for Addiction Treatment (MAT) Program to participate in pilot testing of the intervention, CHOICES-PLEAS. Research staff will describe the study at an initial CM-SUDTx meeting or with MAT program participants and invite interested women to meet with staff individually after their treatment session to be screened for eligibility. Over a 2.5-year period, there are ten 90-day CM-SUDTx cohorts, each with approximately 15 women (150 total). The investigators expect 130 women (13/cohort, 87%) to meet eligibility criteria. Of those eligible, the investigators expect about 9/cohort will enroll and complete the intervention based on pilot work indicating about 70% of CM-SUDTx participants are interested in research. Women in the MAT program have a diagnosis of OUD with or without additional substance use. The same inclusion criteria will be used to determine eligibility with the addition of participants needing to be confined between 2 and 6 months to allow time for study procedures to take place during incarceration.

The investigators will randomize the ten CM-SUDTx cohorts to receive CHOICES-PLEAS (45 women) or brief advice and referral (45 women) over a 2.5 year period using a matching process before randomization to achieve balance between cohorts in the intervention and control groups. The treatment cohorts will be divided into two cells by program start time within the study period (Year 2 quarter 2 through Year 4 quarter 3). The first 5 cohorts will be placed in cell one and the second 5 cohorts in cell two. Cohorts will be randomly selected within each of these two cells to be assigned to either the intervention or control group to ensure 5 cohorts will receive CHOICES-PLEAS (9 women per cohort, n=45) and 5 will receive brief advice and referral (9 women per cohort, n=45). Participants recruited from the MAT program will be randomized by individual.

All participants will complete a baseline survey before the intervention. The investigators will collect comprehensive participant contact information for all participants after participants complete a baseline survey. The 5 treatment cohorts and MAT program participants randomized to receive the intervention (n=45 women, 9 per cohort over 2.5 years) will participate in CHOICES-PLEAS. Research staff will administer the three motivational interviewing sessions one-on-one over an 8-week period. Referral and scheduling of a family planning appointment will take place in session 1 and the appointment may be scheduled at any time prior to completion of the CM-SUDTx or release from jail.

The 5 treatment cohorts and MAT program participants randomized to the control group (n=45 women, 9 per cohort over 2. years) will receive brief advice and referral consistent with other studies testing a similar intervention that includes general information about healthy lifestyle for women as well as a referral guide to local resources.

At completion of the CM-SUDTx or prior to release from jail, all participants will complete a survey. Women will be asked to review and update their contact information sheet and the one-month booster session and three-month assessment will be scheduled.

At 1-month post release, participants randomized in the intervention group will participate in a one-on-one motivational interviewing booster session at a convenient location. At 1- and 3-months post-release, all participants will complete an in-person assessment at a convenient location where they will complete a survey to measure continuation in treatment, provide a urine drug screen and pregnancy test, and reassess all measures collected at the time of release.

Inclusion criteria

• English-speaking
• Capable of becoming pregnant (did not undergo a permanent sterilization procedure and not using a highly effective long-acting reversible birth control method, i.e. intrauterine device or implant.)
• During the three year prior to arrest or entering the treatment program engaged in vaginal sex with a male partner.
• During the three months prior to arrest or entering the treatment program used at least one substance (heroin, fentanyl, opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, or marijuana or alcohol with another substance).
• (For women recruited from the MAT Program): Expected length of incarceration at the St. Louis County Jail 2-6 months; expected release into the community.

Exclusion criteria

• Participated in a focus group that was part of the formative work for this study to create the intervention adaptation
• Non-English-speaking
• Not capable of pregnancy (underwent a permanent sterilization procedure or using a long-acting reversible contraceptive method)
• No vaginal sex with a male partner in the 3 years prior to incarceration or entering the treatment program.
• No use of an illicit substance, such as only alcohol or marijuana use not in combination with another substance