Precision Vibration Therapy for Neuromuscular and Functional Improvement in Older Adults and Stroke Survivors

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment evaluates motor recovery after stroke, including upper and lower extremity motor performance, coordination, and reflex activity. Higher scores indicate better motor function.

The Motor Assessment Scale measures functional motor performance across multiple daily activities in stroke patients. Higher scores indicate better motor ability.

Maximal voluntary contraction of major lower-limb muscles will be measured using isometric dynamometry to assess muscle strength changes.

Muscle force steadiness during submaximal contraction tasks will be quantified to evaluate neuromuscular control and stability.

Surface EMG recordings from target muscles will be used to analyze muscle activation patterns, coordination, and fatigue characteristics.

Pain intensity will be assessed using the 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where higher scores indicate greater pain severity.

Functional ability and perceived quality of life will be assessed using validated scales including the Barthel Index (BI), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), and SF-36 Health Survey.

The 6MWT measures functional endurance and walking capacity. Total distance walked in six minutes is recorded; longer distance indicates improved endurance.

The 10MWT assesses gait speed and mobility. Average walking speed (m/s) over a 10-meter distance is calculated, with faster speeds indicating improved functional mobility.

The 30-Second Chair Stand Test measures lower-limb strength and endurance by counting the number of full stands completed in 30 seconds. Higher counts indicate better performance.

The Functional Reach Test assesses dynamic balance by measuring the maximum forward reach distance while maintaining a fixed base of support. Greater reach distance indicates better balance control.

The Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test assesses manual dexterity and coordination of the upper limbs. Performance time (seconds) is recorded; shorter completion times indicate better dexterity.

Measures active and passive joint position sense at upper and/or lower limb joints using standard proprioceptive testing procedures. Lower error angles indicate improved proprioceptive acuity.

Coordination tests include bilateral grip control and bilateral ankle coordination tasks to evaluate interlimb coordination and control precision.

The Barthel Index assesses activities of daily living (ADL) independence, including feeding, bathing, dressing, mobility, and toileting. Higher scores indicate greater functional independence.

The WMFT evaluates upper extremity motor function through timed and functional tasks. Lower time scores and higher functional ratings represent better motor performance.

The BBS assesses static and dynamic balance using 14 tasks. Total scores range from 0 to 56, with higher scores representing better balance.

The TUG test measures mobility and dynamic balance by recording the time taken to stand from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn, return, and sit. Shorter times indicate improved mobility.

Gait performance parameters (e.g., gait speed, stride length, cadence, and symmetry) will be assessed to evaluate locomotor function improvement.

Pain characteristics and interference will be assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Pain Assessment and Documentation Tool (PADT), Pain Disability Index (PDI), and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).

The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) will evaluate pain, stiffness, and physical function related to knee discomfort.

Quantitative sensory testing will be used to assess somatosensory function, including pain threshold and sensitivity.

Overall quality of life and health-related well-being will be assessed using the Quality of Life Questionnaire (QOL) and SF-36 Health Survey.