Postoperative Pain Relief With Transversus Thoracis Muscle Plane Block After Cardiac Surgery

This randomized, double-blinded, controlled study aims to investigate the effect of transversus thoracis muscle plane block (TTP), using repeated boluses of ropivacaine via catheter, on postoperative pain and oxycodone consumption after elective cardiac surgery with sternotomy. Altogether 120 eligible patients, sixty per group, will be recruited into the study, after informed consent at the discretion of the principal investigator.

All patients will receive 20 mg of temazepam orally as a premedication one hour before anaesthesia. General anaesthesia will be induced with propofol and sufentanil 0.5 μg/kg. Anaesthesia will be maintained with inhalational anaesthetic sevoflurane and sufentanil 0.005 μg ˖ kg-1 ˖ min-1 intravenous infusion. Opioids other than sufentanil will not be used before or during anaesthesia.

After inclusion for the study, the patient will be randomized to one of the two study groups (G1 and G2). At the end of the surgery, when sternal wound is secured, bilateral TTP block with ultrasound guidance is performed to both groups. G1 group will receive an initial dose of 20ml placebo (NaCl 0,9%) per catheter bilaterally (total volume 40ml), followed by 20ml doses of placebo per catheter every 8 hours until 72 hours from the first dose and G2 group will receive initial dose of 20ml ropivacain 0,5% per catheter bilaterally (total volume 40ml) followed by doses of ropivacain 0,2% 20ml per catheter every 8 hours until 72 hours from the first dose has passed.

All the patients will receive a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for added pain relief. After the setting of two TTP catheters, PCA pump will be attached to intravenous line and activated. Oxycodone PCA is used with 3 mg dose and lockout interval of 10 minutes. No continuous background infusion will be used during the postoperative period. When the patient is weaned from ventilator in the ICU, they are encouraged to use PCA for postoperative pain whenever necessary. If the patient is assessed to suffer from pain and is unable to use the PCA device, they will be assisted by the ICU nurse. The total duration of PCA oxycodone treatment will be 3 days (72 hours). No oral opioids or ketamine will be used. Each patients will be given 1000mg paracetamol intravenous infusion at the time of awakening and thereafter every 8 hours during TTP and PCA treatments.

During recovery, the patient assess the amount of their pain using numerical rating scale (NRS, range 0-10). If the patient is sedated and/or under mechanical ventilation, behavioral pain scale (BPS) will be used to estimate the amount of pain in the ICU.

Inclusion criteria

• 18 - 80 years of age
• The patient is scheduled for open cardiac coronary arterial bypass graft (CABG) OR single heart valve surgery that require median sternotomy under general anesthesia
• Patients that are estimated to be weaned from mechanical ventilator not later than 8 h after surgery
• Patients that are capable of using the patient controlled analgesia device (PCA) after surgery
• Written informed consent from the patient

Exclusion criteria

• A previous history of intolerance to the study drug or related compounds and additives
• Redo surgery
• Combined CABG and heart valve surgery
• Endocarditis and/or mediastinitis.
• Concomitant drug therapy with strong opioids or strong CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 inductor(s) or inhibitor(s) 2 weeks prior to study.
• Patients younger than 18 years or older than 80 years.
• Body weight < 60 kg
• BMI > 35, sleep apnoea, any other sleep disorder or condition that requires treatment with continuous positive airway pressure or automatic positive airway pressure device.
• Diagnosed hepatic cirrhosis or kidney disease: GFR < 29 ml/min/1,73 m2 or dependence on dialysis
• History of alcoholism, drug abuse, psychological or other emotional problems that are likely to invalidate informed consent. If the researcher judge, that the patient has a mental health disorder, retardation or other similar reason and do not have the capacity to give his/her consent to research or patient do not understand the meaning of the study, or is not able to use PCA device, the patient is to be exluded. History of alcoholism or drug abuse (especially opioid) may affect the use of opioid PCA device and make harm to the patient or invalid the study and are exluded.
• Cardiac insufficiency, ejection fraction (LVEF) < 30 %
• Patients with a diagnosis for neuropathic pain or chronic pain syndrome
• Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with neuropathy
• Participation in any other study concomitantly or within one month prior to the entry into this study
• Donation of blood for 4 weeks prior and during the study
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding