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Body fat composition
Time frame: At baseline (week 0) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by whole-body MRI
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Body lean mass composition
Time frame: At baseline (week 0) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by whole-body MRI
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Metabolic health
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
by assessing nutritional status, lipid profile, inflammatory profile, fasting glucose and insulin in plasma and serum samples
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Gut health
Time frame: In week 1, week 4 and week 21 of the intervention
by assessing intestinal microbiota composition, diversity and taxa abundance, functional capacity of the intestinal microbiota and metabolomics in feces samples
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Brain health (cognitive function)
Time frame: At baseline (week 0) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
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Step count
Time frame: In week 1, week 11 and week 21 of the intervention
as measured by accelerometry
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Age
Time frame: At baseline (week 0)
as measured using a questionnaire
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Body mass
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
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Height
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by a stadiometer
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Body Mass Index
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as calculated from height and body mass
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Waist circumference
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by measuring tape
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Systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured using an automated device
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Handgrip strength
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by a dynamometer
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Functional capacity
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the 6-Minute Walk Test
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Physical function
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery
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Muscle fiber size
Time frame: At baseline (week 0) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as determined by immunofluorescence staining of muscle biopsy of vastus lateralis (optional)
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Myonuclei quantity
Time frame: At baseline (week 0) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as determined by immunofluorescence staining of muscle biopsy of vastus lateralis (optional)
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Proportion (%) of muscle fiber types (type I and type II)
Time frame: At baseline (week 0) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as determined by immunofluorescence staining of muscle biopsy of vastus lateralis (optional)
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Frailty
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the Clinical Frailty Scale
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Quality of Life
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the Short Form 36 Health Survey v2 and EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Levels questionnaires
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Mental health
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale
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Sleep quality
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
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Supplement tolerance
Time frame: At baseline (week 0), midline (week 11) and at the end of the intervention (week 22)
as measured by the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale
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Intestinal transit rate
Time frame: In week 1, week 4 and week 21 of the intervention
as measured by the Bristol Stool Scale
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Dietary protein intake
Time frame: In week 1, week 4 and week 21 of the intervention
as measured by dietary diaries
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Dietary carbohydrate intake
Time frame: In week 1, week 4 and week 21 of the intervention
as measured by dietary diaries
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Dietary fat intake
Time frame: In week 1, week 4 and week 21 of the intervention
as measured by dietary diaries