PIB for Post-operative Analgesia After Laparotomy : Determining the Optimum Dose

Objective : To identify the optimal volume dosage of epidural bupivacaine administered with a PIEB protocol using a biased coin up-down sequential allocation method. This optimal dose will be determined separately for men and women to account for possible sex-based differences in postoperative analgesia.Only patients undergoing surgery requiring a large laparotomy incision will be included.

Hypothesis : the optimal dose of the PIEB that will provide effective analgesia in 90% of patients on the first postoperative day using an epidural solution of 0,05% bupivacaine + fentanyl 2 µg/mL + adrenaline 2 µg/mL will range between 5 and 10 mL in both groups.

Population : Patients undergoing elective open abdominal surgery via a midline incision extending above and below the umbilicus (>25 cm) with planned TEA.

Screening and recruitment : Eligible patients undergoing gastro-intestinal, gynecological and vascular procedures will be screened by looking at the operating room schedule 2-3 days prior to surgery. The patient files will be checked for inclusion and exclusion criteria, and eligible patients will be contacted preoperatively by phone to further verify eligibility and to inform them of the research project. Written informed consent will be obtained by the research nurse on the morning of surgery. Patients of female sex will be allocated to the female group and patients of male sex will be allocated to the male group. Patients will be instructed preoperatively about the pain scale (11-points pain scale of 0-10, where 0: no pain at all and 10: worst imaginable pain) and about how to use the PCEA pump.

Anesthesia management : Upon arriving in the operating room and after installing a peripheral intravenous access and standard ASA monitoring, patient will be pe-medicated with midazolam 0,5-1 mg IV and/or sufentanil 5-10 mcg IV or fentanyl 50-100 mcg IV. Thoracic epidural catheter will be installed in the sitting position using a loss of resistance technique in the low thoracic spine (preferably T11-T12, or T10-T11 alternatively). To ensure consistency in lumbar level of puncture, spinal ultrasound will be used in all cases. The last and second to last thoracic ribs will be identified and followed medially until the laminas and the T11-T12 and T10-T11 interspaces, respectively, which will then be marked using a skin marker. After skin disinfection and local anesthesia, the epidural space will be identified using a loss of resistance to saline technique and the catheter will be inserted 3-5 cm into the epidural space. Correct placement will be verified with negative aspiration of the catheter and a negative test dose using 3 ml of lidocaine 2% + epinephrine 1:200 000.

Anesthesia induction will be performed using: Lidocaine 0.4-1 mg/kg, Sufentanil 0,1-0,2 mcg/kg or Fentanyl 1-2 mcg/kg and/or remifentanil 0.25-1 mcg/kg, Propofol 1-3 mg/kg and Rocuronium 0,6-1,2 mg/kg. Endotracheal intubation will be achieved using a videolaryngoscope.

General anesthesia will be maintained with sevoflurane to target a Bispectral index (BIS) between 40-60. Intraoperative analgesia will be guided by the Nociception Level Index (NOL). An epidural infusion of bupivacaine 0.125% 1-3 mL/h, with or without epidural boluses of 1-5 mL every 30-60 min and/or opioids (remifentanil, fentanyl and/or sufentanil) can be used at the discretion of the anesthesiologist, to maintain a NOL index < 25. This will facilitate protocol adherence and minimize the risk of hemodynamic instability. Intraoperative fluid administration will consist of a basal infusion of Lactated Ringer set at 3 mL/kg/h, and additional cristalloids/colloids boluses will be administered to cover for blood losses and with the goal of maintaining a pulse pressure variation < 12%. The use of intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, or ketamine is not allowed.

All patients will receive double anti-emetic prophylaxis consisting of dexamethasone 4 mg and ondansetron 4 mg.

At the beginning of skin closure, a 5 ml mandatory epidural bolus of bupivacaine 0,125% will be administered and any intraoperative infusion will be stopped. The time at which this bolus is administered will be noted.

PACU : After extubation, patients will be brought to the PACU. When patients are oriented, cold sensibility testing will be performed bilaterally at the level of the surgical incision to ensure adequate coverage. Inadequate/absent block will be treated with 1 or 2 epidural boluses of 5 mL of bupivacaine 0.125% every 15 min, as needed. The temperature test will be repeated 15 minutes after the last bolus. If the sensory coverage is still insufficient, patients will be excluded from the study. The epidural catheter will be connected to the infusion pump and the epidural infusion will be started according to study group, with the first bolus occurring 30 minutes after the last bolus.

TEA medication and management :

• Epidural medication will be the same in both groups and will consist of bupivacaine 0,05% with fentanyl 2 µg/mL and adrenaline 2 µg/mL. The infusion system will be the same for all patients (SapphireTM , Eitan Medical) which will administer the PIEB at a rate of 125 mL/h.
• The PIEB interval will be fixed at 60 minutes for all patients, and the first bolus will be delivered 30 minutes after the intraoperative loading dose.
• All patients will be allowed to use a patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) bolus option of 5 mL every 30 min, as needed. Patients will be instructed to use the PCEA for inadequate pain control (equal or over 4/10)
• All patients will receive acetaminophen 975 mg Per Os started preoperatively and every 6 hours thereafter. No NSAIDs will be used, according to the institution's protocol. Opioids will not be allowed.
• Patients will be visited on the first morning after surgery by the research nurse in order to remind patients of the Pain Scale and to use the PCEA if their pain score > 4/10.
• In the event of a patient reporting inadequate analgesia during the study period, the infusion pump will be checked to determine the number of PCEA boluses that have been administered. If >5 PCEA boluses were administered, the patient will be considered a failure, and the epidural infusion and/or medication will be adjusted by the Acute Pain Service. If the patient has used less than 5 PCEA boluses, he will be encouraged to use the PCEA to improve his pain control until a maximum of 5 PCEA boluses are reached.
• The management of the epidural using the study protocol will be used for the first 36h after surgery, after which it will be managed according to the Acute Pain Service.

Data collection : Data collection will be conducted by a research team member, who will be blinded to the patient's group.

Pre-op :

• Demographic data : age, sex, weight, height, ASA status
• QoR-15
• Type of surgery

Per-op :

• Length of the surgery and of the surgical incision
• Dose of opioids administered
• Dose of local anesthetics administered epidurally

Post-op :

• QoR-15 score at 48 hours after surgery;
• Patient satisfaction with analgesia (see Instruments, below);
• Level of sensory block to ice at 24 hour after surgery;
• Adverse events: Motor block (defined as a Bromage Scale score equal of greater than 3), Hypotension (defined as systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg)

Inclusion criteria

• 18-85 years old
• ASA I to III

Exclusion criteria

• Contraindication to TEA: Coagulopathy, sepsis or local infection at the epidural insertion site, patient refusal
• Inability to site the epidural catheter
• Inability to use PCEA/Communication barrier
• Daily opioid use
• Planned postoperative admission to the intensive care unit
• Patient refusal
• Predefined criteria for exclusion after inclusion: Failure to obtain a sensory block to ice in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)(see Methods), Reoperation within 1 postoperative day