Physiotherapeutic Interventions Applied to the Bladder Pain Syndrome

In the initial assessment, two specialized and trained physiotherapists applied a demographic questionnaire to identify the characteristics of the sample and validated questionnaires of perineal and suprapubic pain (Visual Analog Scale of Pain [VAS])(21) to quantify the pain; urinary symptoms and problems (O'Leary-Sant - The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom and Problem Index) (22) to evaluate the presence of urgency, frequency, nocturia and to quantify how much these symptoms represent a problem to the patients, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) (23) to evaluate the impact on sexual life. Then, a physical assessment by the inspection and palpation of pelvic and perineal areas was made to identify myofascial trigger points.

After the assessment, participants were blinded randomized by a mask researcher using random.org and allocated into three groups of treatment (TENS, Postural and Conventional) held over 10 sessions once a week. All participants needed to attend the whole treatment to be included with a maximum delay of 2 weeks to start treatment. Conventional group was treated with biofeedback for pelvic floor relaxation and manual therapy to release the tension in the suprapubic, pelvic, and intravaginal areas. The manual therapy consisted of a myofascial trigger point release maneuver using digital pressure and muscle fiber stretching in pain areas. Biofeedback consisted of pelvic floor muscle coordination and relaxation exercises using intravaginal probes. The training program was initiated with 10 fast contractions with 5 seconds of relaxation between them followed by 10 sustained contractions of 5 seconds with 10 seconds of relaxation between them. Finally, one minute of pelvic floor relaxation was performed.

TENS group was treated with biofeedback, manual therapy, and transcutaneous electrostimulation (TENS), a peripheral neuromodulation to promote analgesia in pain areas, using two transcutaneous self-adhesive electrodes Axelgaard 5 cm x 5 cm with 2 cm of distance between them. The parameters used were frequency = 100 Hz, pulse width = 50-100 µs, and current intensity according to the patient's sensitivity.

Postural group was treated with biofeedback, manual therapy, and postural exercises , which promoted pelvic mobility and functional training associated with respiratory exercises increasing the diaphragmatic excursion. Postural exercises consisted of 10 repetitions of breathing exercises in the lay-down position, 10 repetitions of hip anteversion and retroversion in the sitting position, and 10 repetitions of hip anteversion, retroversion, and lateral movement in the stand-up position.

The biofeedback and TENS device used was a Myotrac Infiniti T9800 (Thought Technology Ltda., Montreal, Canada, ISO 13485:2016ISO 13485:2016), a 2-channel system of surface electromyography and electrostimulation using the Biograph Infiniti platform. For biofeedback training, we used intravaginal electrodes St-Cloud/Femelex 6.9 cm.

All participants were evaluated post treatment and at 3 months of follow-up using the same procedures of the initial assessment.

All participants were instructed to perform home training daily 3 times/day during treatment and completed an exercise diary to demonstrate adherence to treatment. TENS and Conventional groups were instructed to perform pelvic floor relaxation exercises, and Postural group was instructed to perform pelvic floor relaxation exercises plus postural exercises.

Inclusion criteria

women with a diagnosis of BPS according to NIH clinical criteria ≥ 18 years old, who presented symptoms of perineal and suprapubic pain, using painkillers, anticholinergics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants for at least 6 months, and exhibited absence of urinary infection for at least 3 months for the initial assessment.

Exclusion criteria

women with positive uroculture, under actual or previous oncologic treatment, with systemic or neurological diseases that could compromise pelvic structures, with cognitive deficiency that compromised the understanding of the provided instructions and those who refused to participate in the study.