Physical Health in Midlife: Influences of Adversity and Relationships Over Time

Research Procedures: If a patient choose to take part in this research study, they will undergo these research procedures:

The patient will participate in a total of two meetings and four phone calls over the course of the study (two and a half years). The meetings will be held at the beginning and end of the two and a half year period. The first part of each meeting will take place at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) where they will sign this consent form and then be interviewed for medical history, given a physical examination, and have blood tests described below. The patient will then be transported to Judge Baker Children's Center (JBCC), where they will have lunch, complete questionnaires, and participate in taped interviews (approximately 4 hours). The phone calls will be approximately every six months and the patient will be contacted by the people at JBCC. More detailed information on the study procedures is outlined below and on the JBCC consent form for the study.

Interviews, Questionnaires, and Phone calls: These aspects of the study are covered in the Judge Baker Children's Center consent form. Briefly, the patient will be asked to discuss relationships with their partner, family, and friends, their career, their current goals in life, their health status, etc. These sessions will be recorded so that the patient's answers can be coded and analyzed at a later time. All information will be kept strictly confidential.

Medical Examination: The patient will arrive fasting to the medical examination. During the medical exam, a physician will ask the patient questions about their physical health and family history. The doctor will then conduct a physical examination which includes:

• Glucose finger stick for diabetes screening
• Vital signs (such as blood pressure) and anthropometrics (such as waist circumference).
• Measuring the amount of fat in the patient's body using bioelectrical impedance analysis. This test will measure the resistance to the naturally occurring flow of electrical currents within the nerves and muscles using a few electrical sensors (similar to the EKG) attached to the patient's wrist and ankle for less than a minute. This procedure is not painful and uses the same principle as weighing oneself on a scale that provides body mass index.
• Measuring the patient body's ability to use sugar through an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A nurse will place an intravenous (IV) catheter (a small tube) in the patient's arm. It will be taped to stay in place for approximately four hours. The patient will drink a mixed nutrient drink called Boost. The patient's blood will be drawn through the catheter 15 min after the Boost is given and then at 30-minute intervals for 3 hours to measure how they metabolize the nutrient drink.
• EKG

Inclusion criteria

• Male and female participants between 35 and 55 years of age.

Exclusion criteria

(based on interference with key assessments)

• Abnormal hepatic function (liver function tests >2X upper normal);
• abnormal renal function (creatinine >1.3 mg/dl);
• conditions/illnesses such as active infection, significant malabsorption/malnutrition, cancer;
• active hormonal disease such as overt hypo/hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, hyper-cortisolism, or treatment with steroids or growth hormone.
• Known Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) will be screened for by a detailed history and systems review.
• Baseline laboratory analysis with chemistries, CBC, hormone levels, and EKG will be completed.

Two exceptions will be made to the usual exclusion criteria:

• Original subjects with DM or CVD will not be excluded, since that would result in bias in that sample and loss of opportunity to examine predictors associated with these outcomes.
• Community adults diagnosed with these disorders at the screening visit will be retained and referred for medical treatment as needed. In both groups, those with DM and/or CVD will be followed for psychosocial and relevant biomedical variables, excluding assessments interfered with by CVD and DM relevant medications. Those with DM and CVD will at times be separately analyzed, together with participants who develop these disorders in the years of this new study phase.