Phase III Randomized Study of Diazepam Vs Lorazepam Vs Placebo for Prehospital Treatment of Status Epilepticus

PROTOCOL OUTLINE: This is a randomized, double blind, multicenter study. Patients are stratified by center.

Patients en route to the hospital in a San Francisco Department of Health Paramedic Division ambulance are randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Informed consent is waived due to impaired consciousness.

Patients receive intravenous diazepam, lorazepam, or placebo during transport. The patient is re-treated if the seizure is sustained after the first dose or recurs after the first dose without the patient regaining consciousness.

Upon arrival at the hospital, all patients receive the standard status epilepticus treatment in use at that site.

PROTOCOL ENTRY CRITERIA:

--Disease Characteristics-- Status epilepticus with at least 5 minutes of sustained seizure activity with a depressed level of consciousness, or 2 or more discrete seizures without recovery or consciousness between seizures Verified by bystander or observed by paramedic from San Francisco Department of Health --Prior/Concurrent Therapy-- No chronic benzodiazepines for seizure disorder --Patient Characteristics-- Cardiovascular: Systolic blood pressure at least 100 mm Hg No second- or third- degree atrioventricular block No sustained ectopic tachyrhythmia Pulse rate between 60 and 150 No severe myocardial insufficiency No hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or obstructive shock Pulmonary: No history of asthma No history of chronic obstructive airway disease No history of limited pulmonary reserve Other: No allergy or prior sensitivity to benzodiazepines No distributive shock (e.g., septic, neurogenic, or anaphylactic)