Phase Angle and Body Composition, Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers.

Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the resistance (R), and reactance (Xc), and subsequently the PhA was calculated as arc-tangent (Xc/R) x 180°/π. The results are presented in degree

Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar Prodigy, model NRL 41990, GE Lunar, Madison, WI) was used to assess body fat, trunk fat and appendicular lean soft tissue. The total skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was estimated by the predictive equation proposed by Kim et al. (Kim et al., 2002). The results are presented in kg.

Measurements of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were carried out using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension RxL Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. The results are presented in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL).

Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), and total body water (TBW). The results are presented in liters (L)

TNF-α, and IL-6, IL-10 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the specifications of the manufacturer (Quantikine High Sensitivity Kit, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and performed in a microplate reader Perkin Elmer, model EnSpire (Waltham, MA, USA). All samples were determined in duplicate to guarantee the precision of the results. The results are presented in picograms per milliliter (pg/ml).

The CAT analysis is by measuring the decay in concentration of H2O2, and oxygen generation using the technique described by literature. The reading of the CAT reaction was carried out in a spectrophotometer, ThermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 240 nm. Results are expressed in U / mgHb .

The SOD activity in erythrocytes was determined using the pyrogallol method described by literature. The reading of SOD reaction is performed in a spectrophotometer, ThermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 420 nm. Results are expressed in U / mgHb (Marklund S)

For measurements, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were determined in the plasma using a semiautomatic method. AOPP concentrations were expressed as micromoles per liter (μmol/L) of chloramines-T equivalents.

Maximal dynamic strength was evaluated using the 1RM test assessed on chest press, knee extension, and preacher curl exercises performed in this exact order. Testing for each exercise was preceded by a warm-up set (6-10 repetitions), with approximately 50% of the estimated load used in the first attempt of the 1RM. This warm-up was also used to familiarize the subjects with the testing equipment and lifting technique. The testing procedure was initiated 2 minutes after the warm-up. The subjects were instructed to try to accomplish two repetitions with the imposed load in three attempts in both exercises. The rest period was 3 to 5 min between each attempt, and 5 min between exercises. The 1RM was recorded as the last resistance lifted in which the subject was able to complete only one single maximal execution

Participants were instructed by a dietitian to complete a food record on three nonconsecutive days (two week days and one weekend day) pre- and post-intervention. Participants were given specific instructions regarding the recording of portion sizes and quantities to identify all food and fluid intake, in addition to viewing food models in order to enhance precision. Total energy intake, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content were calculated using nutrition analysis software (Avanutri Processor Nutrition Software, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Version 3.1.4). All participants were asked to maintain their normal diet throughout the investigation period.