Personalized Virtual Reality for Promoting Well-Being and Psychological Flexibility in General Practitioners

This self-report scale was developed by Francis et al. (2016; Giovannetti et al., 2022) to measure psychological flexibility. The scale consists of 23 items, which can be answered using a 6-point Likert scale, where 0 indicates "completely disagree" and 6 "completely agree." The questionnaire is divided into three subscales: Openness to Experience (OE), Behavioral Awareness (BA), and Valued Action (VA), which correspond to the three pillars of psychological flexibility. Higher scores on the CompACT indicate greater psychological flexibility.

This self-report scale was developed by Keyes (2002; Petrillo et al., 2015) to measure emotional, social, and psychological well-being. The scale consists of 14 items, which can be answered using a 6-point Likert scale, where 0 indicates "never" and 5 "every day." To assess the three dimensions, the questionnaire is divided into three subscales: the Emotional Well-Being scale (EWB, items 1-3), the Social Well-Being scale (SWB, items 4-8), and the Psychological Well-Being scale (PWB, items 9-14). Higher scores on the MHC-SF indicate greater well-being.

This scale aims to measure the intensity of positive and negative emotions (joy, contentment, pride, love, compassion, awe, hope, gratitude, sadness, fear, anger, admiration, inspiration, and awe) (Shiota et al., 2006; Cloos et al., 2023). The intensity can be expressed using a Likert scale, where 0 corresponds to "not at all" and 10 to "very much."

This 6-item questionnaire is designed to evaluate the transformative experience, its pleasantness, and its impact on self-expansion. Responses are provided on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 indicates "not at all" and 7 indicates "very much."

This self-report scale was developed by Usoh et al. (2000) to assess the user's sense of presence in the virtual environment. The instrument consists of 6 items, which are rated on a 7-point Likert scale. Higher scores on the SUS indicate a greater sense of presence.

This questionnaire is designed to assess valued living and is divided into two sections (Wilson et al., 2002; Miselli et al., 2008). In the first section, participants are asked to rate the importance of 10 life domains on a 10-point Likert scale (where 1 = not at all important and 10 = extremely important). The life domains are: (1) family, (2) marriage/partnership/intimate relationships, (3) parenting, (4) friendship, (5) work, (6) education, (7) recreation, (8) spirituality, (9) citizenship, and (10) self-care. The second section asks participants to rate the extent to which their actions over the past week were consistent with each value/domain. Responses are given on a 10-point Likert scale (where 1 = not at all consistent and 10 = extremely consistent).

This questionnaire was developed by Maslach et al. (1997) to measure levels of burnout. It consists of 16 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale, where 0 corresponds to "never" and 6 to "every day." The questionnaire is divided into three subscales: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Reduced Personal Accomplishment (PA), which represent the three core dimensions of burnout.