Personalized DBS Targeting for Treating Depression

Improvement is defined as a 25-49% reduction in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) score relative to the preoperative baseline; response is defined as a ≥50% reduction in HAMD score relative to the preoperative baseline; and remission is defined as a HAMD score ≤8.

Rebound is defined as a HAMD ≥18 in the subsequent follow-up period if the patient has an initial assessment of HAMD ≤8 in the efficacy observation phase after DBS shutdown, and rebound is defined as a HAMD score more than 2 times the initial assessment or 20 in the subsequent follow-up period if the patient has an initial assessment of HAMD >8 in that phase.

The score of the scale ranges from 0 to 60. Higher MADRS score indicates more severe depression.

The Multi-Lingual Hypomania Check List (C-SSRS) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess hypomanic symptoms and suicide risk. This tool includes multiple items designed to identify emotional and behavioral changes based on patient feedback. The results of the C-SSRS assist professionals in developing treatment plans, with higher scores typically indicating more severe symptoms, thereby facilitating timely intervention and support.

The score of the scale ranges from 0 to 56. The higher scores means more severe anxiety.

The Oxford Depression Questionnaire (ODQ) is a self-report instrument designed to assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. It evaluates various aspects of mood, motivation, and behavior related to depression. The questionnaire consists of multiple items scored on a scale, where higher scores indicate greater levels of depressive symptoms, facilitating effective monitoring and intervention by healthcare professionals.

Neuropsychological measures contains six domains of cognition which are episodic memory, working memory,attention, executive functions, psychomotor speed and social cognition.

The Visual Analogue Scale for Depression (VAS-D) is a self-report tool used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. It consists of a single continuous line, where respondents indicate their level of depression by marking a point on the line. The scale ranges from "no depression" to "worst possible depression," allowing for a visual representation of the individual's emotional state. Higher marks on the scale correspond to greater levels of depressive symptoms, aiding healthcare providers in monitoring and addressing the patient's condition.

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-6 Item (HAMD-6) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the severity of depression. It focuses on six key symptoms, including mood, feelings of guilt, insomnia, work and activities, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and anxiety. Each item is rated on a scale, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms. This concise tool facilitates quick evaluation and monitoring of depression in clinical settings.

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a self-report tool used to assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. It consists of nine items that correspond to the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. Respondents rate the frequency of their symptoms over the past two weeks on a 4-point scale. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms, helping healthcare providers to evaluate, monitor, and guide treatment decisions for patients.

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the severity of depressive symptoms. It consists of 21 items that assess various aspects of depression, including mood, hopelessness, and physical symptoms. Respondents rate each item on a scale, with higher scores indicating greater levels of depression. The BDI is widely used in clinical and research settings to evaluate depression and monitor treatment progress.

The Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A) is a self-report tool used to measure the level of anxiety experienced by individuals. It consists of a continuous line, where respondents indicate their anxiety level by marking a point on the line. The scale ranges from "no anxiety" to "worst possible anxiety," providing a visual representation of the individual's emotional state. Higher marks on the scale correspond to greater levels of anxiety, assisting healthcare providers in assessing and addressing the patient's anxiety levels.

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. It consists of seven items that evaluate various aspects of anxiety, including feelings of nervousness, worry, and difficulty relaxing. Respondents rate the frequency of their symptoms over the past two weeks on a 4-point scale. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms, helping healthcare providers to identify and monitor anxiety levels in patients effectively.

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the severity of anxiety symptoms. It consists of 21 items that assess various aspects of anxiety, such as physiological symptoms and cognitive disturbances. Respondents rate the intensity of their anxiety over the past week on a 4-point scale. Higher scores indicate greater levels of anxiety, providing valuable information for healthcare providers in evaluating and managing anxiety disorders.

The Immediate Mood Scale (IMS) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess an individual's current mood state. It includes a series of items that evaluate various emotional dimensions, such as happiness, sadness, anxiety, and anger. Respondents rate their mood on a scale, providing a snapshot of their emotional well-being at the moment. Higher scores on specific mood dimensions indicate a more positive emotional state, assisting healthcare providers in understanding and addressing the individual's immediate emotional needs.

The score of the scale ranges from 0 to 42. Higher QIDS-SR16 score indicates more severe depression.

Record: Adverse events during the "perioperative period" of SEEG and DBS implantation, during the DBS treatment phase, and during the follow-up period of the efficacy observation phase after DBS shutdown , including abnormalities in laboratory tests as judged necessary by the investigator.