Personalized Cognitive Integrated Motor Training Using Virtual Reality to Improve Gait and Balance

Participants will be asked to walk about 12 meters. The time taken to walk 10 meters will be recorded.

TUG is a clinical test of functional gait abilities and dynamic balance. The participants will be asked to walk a distance of 3 meters from a seated position, turn around, walk back to the chair and sit back in the chair. The time taken to perform the task will be recorded using a stop watch. The TUG will be repeated multiple times. The participant may be asked to hold a plastic cup or count backwards by three from a randomly selected number while walking.

This is a test that measures balance on a 5-point during routine tasks. The participant will be asked to perform 14 tasks involving: sitting, standing, reaching, lifting, and turning.

This test assesses attention and working memory.

This test assesses the allocation of limited attentional capacities to deal with an abundance of environmental stimulation. The test measures attention and the ability to inhibit response that may interfere with the ability to achieve goals.

This test assesses processing speed without a motor component

This test assesses information processing speed & ability and working memory

This test assesses working memory

Selected subtests to assess executive function.

This test assesses acquisition and delayed recall of verbal information.

This test assess gait deviations and symmetry

The silver index will be measured using the Hunova (Movendo Srl., Italy) to quantify the risk of falls. The Silver Index tasks include static balance while eyes are open or closed, dynamic balance while standing on passive and elastic surfaces, limits of stability, reactive balance during perturbations, 6-meter walk, and sit-to-stand.

Root-mean-square of COM and COP displacements will be used to quantify static and dynamic balance during Silver Index tasks. COP will be obtained from Hunova. Whole body COM will be obtained using motion capture.

The change in the hemoglobin concentration in response to a metabolic event (neuronal) such as walking is known as the hemodynamic response (HDR) of the brain. The maximum increase following a task will be quantified as net cortical responsivity to task using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

POPS assesses perspectives of the respondent regarding participation in home & community, and societal/normative ("outsider") evaluation. POPS consists of 26 items sorted into 5 categories [a) Domestic Life, b) Major Life Activities, c) Transportation, d) Interpersonal Interactions and Relationships, e) Community, Recreational and Civic Life].

This assesses QoL in people with TBI and is a 37-item scale with six subscales. The first part assesses "satisfaction level" with Health-related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and is composed of 6 overall items and 29 items assigned to 4 subscales: a) thinking, b) feelings and emotion, c) autonomy in daily life, and d) social aspects. The second part is devoted to "bothered" questions and composed of 12 items in 2 subscales: a) negative feelings, and b) restrictions. Responses to the 'satisfaction' items are coded on a 1 to 5 scale, where 1= "not at all satisfied" and 5= "very satisfied". Responses to the 'bothered' items are reverse scored to correspond with the satisfaction items, where 1=" very bothered" and 5= "not at all bothered".

Participants walk as far as possible for 6 minutes. They walk back and forth around the cones along an unobstructed pathway of 15 meters. They will be permitted to slow down or stop as necessary. The distance covered by the participant for the 6 minutes will be recorded at an interval of every 30 seconds using a measuring wheel and stop watch.

DGI is a measurement tool commonly used to assess dynamic balance, gait and risk for falls29. It consists of a total of eight gait assessments which can be scored on a four-point ordinal scale, ranging from 0-3, where '0' indicates the lowest level of function and '3' the highest level of function, allowing for a total possible score of 24.

The participants walk 20 ft, turn, and return while reciting the alphabet aloud from a given alphabet (simple) or alternate alphabets (complex).

AOC of O2Hb for each region of interest will be computed

The minimum change following a task will be quantified using fNIRS.

Functional connectivity between channels during rest and walking will be evaluated.

Electromygraphy (EMG) will be recorded as a complementary measure to fNIRS. Bilateral muscle responses from lower extremities will be recorded via surface EMG.

The questionnaire is used to assess the societal role limitations and community integration of people with TBI. The CIT contains 15 items assessing community integration across three domains: a) Home integration (10 Points), b) Social integration (12 points), and c) Productive activity (7 points). Total scores ranges from 0 to 29 points. High scores represent greater independence and community integration.

Instrument to assess the ability to perform a variety of activities, skills, and tasks. PCRS is a 30-item self-report that asks the person with TBI to rank their ability to accomplish common daily activities (ADL, behavioral and emotional functions, cognitive and physical abilities) on a 5-point scale. An informant (relative, caregiver, or therapist) also rates the person with TBI on the same items.