Personal Relevance of Psychotherapy for Asian Americans

Social problem-solving will be measured using the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised: Short Form (SPSI-R).The SPSI-R: Short Form is a 25-item multi-dimensional measure of social problem solving derived from a factor analysis of the original 70-item theory-driven Social Problem-Solving Inventory. In addition to a total score, it consists of five scales that measure two constructive dimensions (positive problem orientation, rational problem solving) and three dysfunctional dimensions (negative problem orientation, impulsivity/carelessness style, avoidance style).

Self-efficacy will be measured using the Mental Health Self-Efficacy Scale (MHSES), a 6-item Likert-type single-factor scale measuring one's capability to perform behaviors related to mental health. The MHSES has demonstrated good internal reliability (alpha = .89) and is positively correlated with work, social adjustment, and emotional stability, and negatively correlated with measures of depression.

Stress will be assessed using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21).128 The DAS-21 is a 21-item scale that measures three related negative states of depression, anxiety, and stress. It has shown strong internal reliability and moderate validity through confirmatory factor analysis,

Anxiety will be assessed using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21).128 The DAS-21 is a 21-item scale that measures three related negative states of depression, anxiety, and stress. It has shown strong internal reliability and moderate validity through confirmatory factor analysis,

Depression will be assessed using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21).128 The DAS-21 is a 21-item scale that measures three related negative states of depression, anxiety, and stress. It has shown strong internal reliability and moderate validity through confirmatory factor analysis,

Attitudes towards seeking mental help will be assessed using the Mental Help Seeking Attitudes Scale (MHSAS) and the Perceived Devaluation and Discrimination Scale (PDD). The MHSAS a 9-item scale that measures participants' overall attitudes (positive or negative) towards seeking help from a mental health expert. The PDD is a 12-item scale that assesses stigma around mental health. Both the MHSAS and the PDD have demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The PDD has been used translated into Chinese.138 In addition to these two scales, the investigators will develop items to assess participants' attitudes towards using mHealth mental health applications specifically.

Knowledge will be measured using a multiple-choice survey that the project developed to determine the extent to which participants understand basic information delivered in the program around Problem-Solving Therapy skills and content.

Loss of face will be examined as a moderator of the effect of the program, and will be measured using the Loss of Face scale (LOF). The LOF is a 21-item, 7-point Likert-type scale that evaluates concern about violating social norms and concern about causing others to lose face. The LOF has demonstrated good internal reliability (alpha = .83), as well as concurrent and discriminant validity (correlating with other-directedness, private and public self-consciousness, and social anxiety).7 The LOF has been translated into Chinese.

Motivation to engage with the intervention will be assessed using the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). The SIM is a 16-item Likert-type scale with four internally consistent factors (alphas > .77): intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and motivation. The SIMS has been used extensively to evaluate motivation in many contexts and towards many activities, including mandated training, and has been translated into Chinese.

Usability, content utility and validity, user satisfaction, and cultural relevance will be assessed with Likert-type scale items and open-ended questions. The investigators will measure the three evaluation areas for digital learning products: (1) interface usability (e.g., Was the application easy to use?), (2) content validity (e.g., Did the content make sense?), and (3) content utility (e.g., What did participants learn?). In addition to program-specific usability questions, the investigators will include the System Usability Scale (SUS) to assess overall usability, with minor wording changes to align the questions with the product being assessed and the addition of an adjective rating scale to help communicate the numeric results to those less familiar with usability studies.