Peripheral Stimulation Neural Response

Participants with a history of acquired brain injury and distal upper limb motor impairments will receive a single two-hour session of SES using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Pre- and post-intervention assessments consist of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), finger fractionation, pinch force, and the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), along with resting-state EEG monitoring. We will assess for any association between SES and changes in motor outcome as measured using the ARAT, MAS and finger fractionation. In addition, EEG power analyses will be performed to determine if there are any differences between SES responders vs. non-responders.

Inclusion criteria

• between 18-80 years old, with a history of an acquired brain injury resulting in residual hemiparesis or other motor deficits of the arm/hand equal to or more than 6 months prior to enrollment; and capacity to adhere with the schedule of interventions and evaluations determined in the protocol.

Exclusion criteria

• Subjects are excluded if they met any of the following criteria: currently pregnant; uncontrolled medical conditions; significant cognitive impairment on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA ≤ 23); ≤ 10 degrees of active index finger range of motion; significant hand joint deformity; severe active alcohol or drug abuse; significant depression (PHQ-9 ≥15); baseline spasticity score (MAS) >3 for any joint tested (wrist and metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and extension); apraxia screen of Tulia (AST) <5; absent light touch, proprioception, pinprick and vibration sensation on the modified Nottingham Sensory Assessment; no upper limb strength against gravity; severe aphasia; or had an implanted pacemaker.