Perinatal Attentional Retraining Intervention for Smoking for Minority Women

Attentional bias (AB) is assessed using the standard (unmodified) visual probe (VP) task on the smartphone and study visits, and measured by the reaction time (RT) in milliseconds, i.e. the time it takes a participant to identify the location of the probe after presentation of the stimulus. The AB scores will be computed as the difference in RTs on trials where the probe replaced the smoking picture vs. trials where the probe replaced the neutral picture. The VP task can measure attentional bias for drug-related cues. In the typical VP task, a pair of pictures or words (e.g. one smoking-related and one neutral) is briefly presented simultaneously side by side on a computer screen. After the pictures disappear, a probe stimulus (e.g. a small dot) is presented in the location that had been occupied by one of the pictures (or words), and participants are required to press a key as quickly as possible in response to the probe.

Attentional bias (AB) is assessed using the standard (unmodified) visual probe (VP) task on the smartphone and at study visits, and measured by the reaction time (RT) in milliseconds, i.e. the time it takes a participant to identify the location of the probe after presentation of the stimulus. The AB scores will be computed as the difference in RTs on trials where the probe replaced the stress-related word vs. trials where the probe replaced the neutral word. The VP task can measure attentional bias for drug-related cues. In the typical VP task, a pair of pictures or words (e.g. one smoking-related and one neutral) is briefly presented simultaneously side by side on a computer screen. After the pictures disappear, a probe stimulus (e.g. a small dot) is presented in the location that had been occupied by one of the pictures (or words), and participants are required to press a key as quickly as possible in response to the probe.

Self-reported craving is a single item used to assesses craving for cigarettes ("I have strong urges to smoke a cigarette") on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 7 = Strongly Agree) in the daily assessments delivered on the smartphone and at study visits. Higher scores on the 7-point Likert scale are indicative of higher cravings for cigarettes, with a 7 indicating high craving for a cigarette and 1 indicating low craving for a cigarette. This scale is a subjective measure of a participant's craving for cigarettes developed by the researchers and utilized in prior research.

Self-reported stress was assessed using four items: three adapted from the Parenting Stress Index (I feel I can't handle things; I feel trapped by parenting; I feel overwhelmed by trying to meet my baby's needs) and one item developed for the study (since the last assessment my baby has been difficult to console). Participants responded to the four items on 7-point Likert-type scales (1 = Strongly Disagree, 7 = Strongly Agree) in the daily assessments delivered on the smartphone and at study visits. The mean score was computed. Higher scores on the scale are indicative of high stress levels and low scores of low stress levels.

Relapse is defined as any smoking on 7 consecutive days or smoking at least once each week over 2 consecutive weeks. Smoking history is collected with the timeline follow-back at each study visit. This is a binary yes/no outcome. Presented here is the number of participants who relapsed to smoking.