Pelvic Floor Training Program and Perineal Trauma During Vaginal Birth

This prospective, patient-preference controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate whether a structured antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) program can reduce perineal trauma and improve maternal birth outcomes. Low-risk nulliparous pregnant women at 28 weeks of gestation or later were invited to participate. Women who chose to participate in the training program formed the intervention group, while those who declined received standard antenatal care and served as controls.

The intervention consisted of supervised PFMT sessions twice weekly, combined with a daily home-exercise program. Exercises followed a standardized protocol focusing on repeated maximal voluntary pelvic floor contractions with progressive increases in intensity. Adherence was monitored through attendance records and weekly follow-up.

The study assessed severe perineal trauma (third- or fourth-degree tears) as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included episiotomy rate, duration of the second stage of labor, postpartum urinary incontinence, and neonatal outcomes. All participants provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. The findings aim to inform whether structured PFMT should be incorporated into routine antenatal care to support maternal pelvic floor health and improve labor outcomes.

Inclusion criteria

• Nulliparous pregnant women aged 18 to 36 years

Singleton pregnancy

Gestational age of 28 weeks or greater at enrollment

Low-risk pregnancy without known obstetric complications

Planning a vaginal delivery

Able and willing to participate in supervised exercise sessions

Exclusion criteria

• Multiple gestation

Placenta previa or other contraindications to vaginal birth

Preeclampsia or gestational hypertension

Diabetes requiring medication

History of pelvic floor or urogenital surgery

Neurological disorders affecting continence or pelvic floor function

Inability to attend regular training sessions

Refusal to provide informed consent