Pelvic Floor Training Combined With Perineal Massage Reduces Episiotomy to 5.7%

In recent years, there has been mounting interest in the application of non-pharmacological modalities during labor and delivery. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has emerged as one of the most extensively studied antenatal strategies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials demonstrated that PFMT during pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of urinary incontinence and third- or fourth-degree perineal tears; however, its effect on episiotomy rates did not reach statistical significance . Another meta-analysis corroborated these findings, showing that antenatal PFMT shortens the second stage of labor and lowers the incidence of severe perineal trauma . A more recent Bayesian network meta-analysis ranked antenatal pelvic floor exercise as the optimal first-line strategy for overall perineal laceration prevention, with a 50% risk reduction (RR = 0.50, 95% CrI 0.28-0.87) .

Perineal massage applied either antenatally or during the second stage-represents another effective non-pharmacological intervention. By increasing the elasticity and distensibility of the perineal tissues, massage facilitates gradual stretching of the birth canal. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reported that antenatal perineal massage was associated with a significantly lower incidence of episiotomies (RR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.72-0.87, p < 0.001) and perineal tears, as well as reduced second-stage duration and improved postpartum outcomes . When applied during labor, perineal massage has also been shown to reduce the risk of severe perineal trauma, although its independent effect on episiotomy remains variable across studies .

The Swiss ball, a widely accessible tool for promoting pelvic mobility and maternal comfort during labor, constitutes a third non-pharmacological option. Active pelvic movements performed on a Swiss ball including pelvic anteversion, retroversion, lateral tilts, and circular hip movements have been shown in a randomized trial to reduce the duration of the first and second stages of labor, decrease pain intensity, diminish maternal fatigue and anxiety, and lower the risk of cesarean section and vulvar swelling . An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials further confirmed that birthing ball exercises significantly reduce cesarean section rates and alleviate labor pain, supporting their use as a safe and effective intervention in low-risk labor management .

The present study was designed to address this knowledge gap. Investigators hypothesized that in pregnant women who completed nurse-led pelvic floor education sessions at least once weekly until delivery, the addition of Swiss ball exercises or perineal massage during labor would reduce episiotomy requirements. The primary objective was to compare the effects of four non-pharmacological interventions pelvic floor muscle training, combined PFMT and Swiss ball exercises, combined PFMT and perineal massage, and standard care on delivery outcomes and episiotomy-related parameters..

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥ 18 years
• No prior exposure to any of the study interventions
• Gestational age between 20 and 36 weeks at the time of enrollment
• No history of previous episiotomy
• Estimated fetal weight between 3,000 and 4,000 grams
• No labor induction
• Absence of any systemic disease complicating the current pregnancy
• No regular use of medications or supplements other than multivitamins
• Pre-pregnancy body mass index within the range of 18-25 kg/m²

Exclusion criteria

• Failure to meet any of the above inclusion criteria
• Declining to provide written informed consen