Pediatric Upper-Limb Rehabilitation With PhiCube, a Modular Bilateral End-Effector Device

Quality of upper limb movement in children with neurological deficits, measured through Melbourne Assessment-2 (MA2), which is able to measure four elements of movement quality: range of motion, precision, dexterity and fluidity.

A brief questionnaire measuring 21 main bimanual daily activities. Scores are assigned by parents based on the child's difficulty in performing daily activities, with a 3-point scale (impossible, difficult, easy).

A subtest of the Leiter-3 non-verbal cognitive scale that evaluates sustained visual attention through tasks of increasing complexity within a specific time period. The number of correctly selected target elements is recorded.

Evaluates inhibitory control abilities of automatic verbal responses through administration of 3 different conditions for two different stimulus sets, requiring naming, inhibition with reversal, and alternating responses based on color.

Assesses the ability to maintain sustained attention to auditory stimuli performance and inhibit automatic motor responses in two tasks of increasing complexity with incremental executive control demands.

This subtest assesses the child's ability to accurately imitate a series of progressively complex hand and finger postures demonstrated by the examiner. The raw score is obtained by summing the number of correctly executed postures, separately recorded for the dominant and non-dominant hands. From the total raw score, a weighted score is derived, which in turn is used to calculate the standard score based on normative data.

This subtest evaluates the child's ability to observe and reproduce sequences of hand movements demonstrated by the examiner. The sequences become progressively more complex and require the integration of motor planning, attention, and imitation abilities. The raw score is calculated by summing the number of correctly imitated sequences. From the total raw score, a weighted score is derived, which is then converted into a standard score based on normative data.

This subtests evaluates the ability to judge line orientation considering direction, distance, orientation, and angularity. The task requires the integration of visual attention, orientation discrimination, and mental rotation.

The raw score is obtained by summing the number of correct responses across all items. From this total raw score, a weighted score is calculated and then converted into a standard score based on age-specific normative data.

This subtest assesses the ability to use a small schematic map to locate targets on a larger schematic map.

The raw score corresponds to the number of correctly identified routes. From this raw score, a weighted score is derived and then transformed into a standard score using normative tables based on the child's age.

Parent-administered questionnaire evaluating executive functions in daily life contexts. Parents rate behaviors on a 3-point Likert scale based on frequency over the past six months.

Custom questionnaire administered to stakeholders (children and operators) at treatment completion to investigate system usability.

Custom questionnaire administered to stakeholders (children and operators) at treatment completion to investigate system acceptability.

Custom questionnaire administered to stakeholders (children and operators) at treatment completion to investigate child and operator compliance.

Measures of how continuous and even a movement is, without sudden stops or changes in speed. It is measured by the normalized jerk.

Measures the error made by one limb in following a proposed trajectory via the screen.

Measures coordination between limbs in performing the same movement simultaneously by calculating the difference between axes coordinates.

Assessment of how audio feedback influences motivational and satisfaction aspects through three interaction conditions (no feedback, reward feedback, help feedback) using VAS scales for fun and engagement, adapted In-game Questionnaire, and open-ended questions about the child's experience.