Patterns of Cardiac Arrhythmia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

After obtaining written, informed consents, individuals are subjected to thorough clinical evaluation (age, sex, history of hypertension (HTN) or diabetes mellitus (DM)) and laboratory tests including complete blood count, urea, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (calculated by CKD-EPI equation) , serum potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC).

Twelve-lead ECG is performed and all ECGs are reviewed for the following parameters: heart rhythm, heart rate, frontal axis, P wave, PR interval, QRS duration, pathological Q wave, fragmented QRS morphology, ST-segment deviation, QT interval and T wave abnormality.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with CKD (no intercurrent illness or uremic symptoms, and not hospitalized in the previous 3 months) with renal replacement therapy on maintenance HD (three times/week for at least three months) or without renal replacement therapy, aged 18 or above.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients aged <18 years old.
• Patients on drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval (e.g., antibiotics as clarithromycin, antifungal as fluconazole, antiarrhythmics as amiodarone, antipsychotic as chlorpromazine)
• Patients with structural heart diseases (e.g.,significant valvular lesions )
• Patients with impaired left ventricular systolic functions (defined as EF< 50%
• Patients with malignancy, severe infection or sepsis.
• Patients with major bleeding.