Patient Satisfaction of Virtual vs In-Person Workup and Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

The IPSS assesses prostate related symptoms and their frequency of occurrence through seven questions, scored on a 6 point scale, from 0 (not at all) to 5 (always). Total symptom-related scores range from 1-7 (mild), 8-19 (moderate), and 20-35 (severe). The IPSS also assess quality of life due to urinary symptoms with a single question, scored on a 7 point scale (0 = delighted; 6 = terrible).

The IPSS will be administered at the initial visit (baseline) for Cohorts 1a and 1b. Baseline scores will be compared between the two groups to evaluate for equivalency.

The IPSS assesses prostate related symptoms and their frequency of occurrence through seven questions, scored on a 6 point scale, from 0 (not at all) to 5 (always). Total symptom-related scores range from 1-7 (mild), 8-19 (moderate), and 20-35 (severe). The IPSS also assess quality of life due to urinary symptoms with a single question, scored on a 7 point scale (0 = delighted; 6 = terrible).

The IPSS will be administered at the initial visit (baseline) and Month 3 for Cohorts 1a and 1b. The amount of IPSS score reduction at the time of 3 month follow up will be compared between both groups to evaluate for equivalency.

Uroflowmetry measures the flow of urine as milliliters (ml) of urine passed per second(s). Typical scores range between 5 and 20 ml/s, with a lower score indicating possible obstruction, enlarged prostate or weak bladder and a higher score indicating good flow.

Cohort 1a will undergo in-person uroflowmetry per standard clinical assessment at Baseline. Standard clinical assessment includes measurement of a single void during the in-person clinic visit by urinating once into the uroflowmetry device (a urinal with calibrated sensors to measure flow).

Cohort 1b will undergo uroflowmetry through at-home use of the Stream Dx device (also a urinal with calibrated sensors to measure flow), which includes measuring all voids performed at home during a 5 day period prior to Baseline (initial virtual visit).

Baseline uroflowmetry assessment results for Cohorts 1a and 1b will be evaluated for equivalency.

Uroflowmetry measures the flow of urine as milliliters (ml) of urine passed per second(s). Typical scores range between 5 and 20 ml/s, with a lower score indicating possible obstruction, enlarged prostate or weak bladder and a higher score indicating good flow.

Cohort 1a will undergo in-person uroflowmetry per standard clinical assessment at Baseline and Month 3. Standard clinical assessment includes measurement of a single void during the in-person clinic visit by urinating once into the uroflowmetry device.

Cohort 1b will undergo uroflowmetry through at-home use of the Stream Dx device (also a urinal with calibrated sensors to measure flow), which includes measuring all voids performed at home during a 5 day period prior to Baseline (initial virtual visit) and again during a 5 day period prior to the Month 3 follow up visit.

Increase in average flow at 3 months on uroflowmetry for Cohorts 1a and 1b will be evaluated for equivalency.

Post Void Residual is the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding. Typical scores range between 0 and 150 mL, with a higher score indicating incomplete bladder emptying.

Cohort 1a will undergo in-person PVR assessment per clinical standards once at Baseline. This includes measurement of a single PVR volume during the clinical in-person visit using a calibrated ultrasound based bladder scanner that is placed on the patient's lower abdomen for 5 seconds.

Cohort 1b will undergo PVR assessment through at-home use of the DFree device, a wearable bladder scanner. Participants will wear this device for an entire day during which will collect PVR measurements after each void during that period prior to the Baseline visit (initial virtual visit).

PVR results for Cohorts 1a and 1b at baseline will be evaluated for equivalency.

Post Void Residual is the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding. Typical scores range between 0 and 150 mL, with a higher score indicating incomplete bladder emptying.

Cohort 1a will undergo in-person PVR assessment per clinical standards once at Baseline and Month 3 . This includes measurement of a single PVR volume during the clinical in-person visit using a calibrated ultrasound based bladder scanner that is placed on the patient's lower abdomen for 5 seconds.

Cohort 1b will undergo PVR assessment through at-home use of the DFree device, a wearable bladder scanner. Participants will wear this device for an entire day during which will collect PVR measurements after each void during that period prior to the Baseline (initial virtual visit) and Month 3 virtual visit.

Reduction in PVR between each group at the time of 3 month follow up will be evaluated for equivalency.

Urinalysis (UA) the urine for infection (UTI) or diabetes. Recorded outcomes will be possible UTI (any positive leukocyte esterase, nitrites, or blood) and possible diabetes (any positive glucose, ketones, or proteins).

Cohort 1a will undergo a UA assessment per standard clinical assessment once at the initial visit (baseline). This includes dipping a urine sample with a test strip which is read by a machine during the clinic in-person visit.

Cohort 1b will undergo a UA assessment per standard clinical assessment once at the first virtual visit (baseline). Using the Testcard phone app, the patient will collect a urine sample at home, and dip a test strip into the urine which is then analyzed by the mobile app.

UA results for Cohorts 1a and 1b will be evaluated for equivalency between the two groups at baseline. Any positive results (UTI or diabetes) will undergo confirmatory lab testing per standard of care.

Urinalysis (UA) the urine for infection (UTI) or diabetes. Recorded outcomes will be possible UTI (any positive leukocyte esterase, nitrites, or blood) and possible diabetes (any positive glucose, ketones, or proteins).

Cohort 1a will undergo a UA assessment per standard clinical assessment once at Month 3 follow up. This includes dipping a urine sample with a test strip which is read by a machine during the clinic in-person visit.

Cohort 1b will undergo a UA assessment per standard clinical assessment once at the Month 3 follow up. Using the Testcard phone app, the patient will collect a urine sample at home, and dip a test strip into the urine which is then analyzed by the mobile app.

UA results for Cohorts 1a and 1b will be evaluated for equivalency between the two groups at 3 month follow up. Any positive results (UTI or diabetes) will undergo confirmatory lab testing per standard of care.

Patient satisfaction in Cohorts 1a and 1b will be measured with the validated Satisfaction with Outpatient Service (SWOPS) questionnaire following their initial visit (baseline). The questionnaire assesses the patient's satisfaction with their visit across 13 topics. The investigators will test non-inferiority in SWOPS scores between patients in the virtual group and in-clinic group at the initial visit.

There is no defined scale or score that would suggest a better or worse outcome, rather the percent response of "Yes, definitely", "Yes, to some extent", and "No" to each of the 13 questions will be compared between the two groups for equivalency and thus the non-inferiority statistical approach was chosen.

Patient satisfaction in Cohorts 1a and 1b will be measured with the validated Satisfaction with Outpatient Service (SWOPS) questionnaire following their 3 month follow up. The questionnaire assesses the patient's satisfaction with their visit across 13 topics. The investigators will test non-inferiority in SWOPS scores between patients in the virtual group and in-clinic group at the initial visit.

There is no defined scale or score that would suggest a better or worse outcome, rather the percent response of "Yes, definitely", "Yes, to some extent", and "No" to each of the 13 questions will be compared between the two groups for equivalency and thus the non-inferiority statistical approach was chosen.

Cohort 2 will be asked to complete at home uroflowmetry assessment through use of the Stream Dx device for 5 days, starting 3 weeks prior to a single in-person clinical appointment to establish the baseline for that patient. During the in-person clinical appointment, Cohort 2 will also undergo standard uroflowmetry measurement by urinating once into the uroflowmetry device in the clinic (a urinal with calibrated sensors to measure flow). The baseline Stream Dx results including average and maximum flow rate in mL/s and volume voided in mL will be compared to those obtained by the in-person clinic performed uroflowmetry.

Once at a single in-person clinical appointment, Cohort 2 will be asked to undergo a baseline assessment of post-void residual by both the standard clinic bladder scanner and the DFree device. Clinical staff will perform both the bladder scanner and DFree measurements. Baseline results between the assessment methods will be compared.

Once at a single in-person clinical appointment, Cohort 2 will be asked to undergo a baseline urinalysis assessment by both standard in clinic urinalysis dip stick and through the TestCard mobile app analysis. Clinical staff will perform both the standard and TestCard assessment on a single urine sample. Baseline results between the assessment methods will be compared. Recorded outcomes will be possible UTI (any positive leukocyte esterase, nitrites, or blood) and possible diabetes (any positive glucose, ketones, or proteins) and any positive results (UTI or diabetes) will undergo confirmatory lab testing per standard of care.