PAS Balance Training for Parkinson Disease (PD)

Measured by the duration the stance or stand can be maintained. Unit：second(s)

The total distance traveled by the COP over a specified period. Longer path lengths can indicate increased effort to maintain balance or greater instability.

Measures of COP movement in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions, offering insights into the directional tendencies of balance control. Unit：millimeter(mm)

MEPs are the electrical responses recorded from muscles following stimulation of the motor cortex. They reflect the efficiency of neural transmission from the cortex to the muscle. Unit：millivolts (mV)

ICF is measured by applying a pair of TMS pulses with a short interval (e.g., 8-15 ms) where the first (subthreshold) pulse is followed by a second (suprathreshold) pulse, leading to an increased amplitude of the MEP.

ICI is measured similarly to ICF but with a shorter inter-stimulus interval (e.g., 1-5 ms), resulting in a suppressed MEP amplitude. This suppression reflects inhibitory processes within the cortex.

The time taken by participants to walk a standardized distance, typically expressed in centimeters per second (cm/s).

The linear distance between the two ankles, typically expressed in centimeter(cm).

The duration taken for one complete step, measuring from foot-off of one foot to the next foot-off of the same foot, usually expressed in seconds.

The speed at which the COP moves, calculated over the duration of the balance task. Higher velocities may reflect more dynamic balance adjustments or instability. Unit：millimeter per second(mm/s)

The area covered by the COP trajectory during the balance task, providing an estimate of the sway envelope. A larger area might indicate poorer balance control. Unit：square millimeter(mm^2)

The portion of the gait cycle where both feet are in contact with the ground, indicating the transition phase between steps, expressed as a percentage of the gait cycle or in seconds.

The duration within the gait cycle when only one foot is in contact with the ground, typically measured in seconds or as a percentage of the total gait cycle.

The portion of the gait cycle where the foot is not in contact with the ground, moving forward to the next step. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the total gait cycle or in seconds.

The portion of the gait cycle when the foot is in contact with the ground, supporting body weight. It's typically expressed as a percentage of the total gait cycle or in seconds

The number of steps an individual takes per minute, providing an overview of gait speed and rhythm, , expressed as steps per minute.

The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III, also known as the UPDRS-III or the Motor Examination, is a critical component of the UPDRS used to assess the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). To provide a comprehensive assessment of motor function in individuals with Parkinson's disease, covering aspects such as bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, tremors, and postural instability. The UPDRS-III consists of 14 items, each rated on a scale from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe), with a total possible score range from 0 to 108. Higher scores indicate greater motor impairment.