Parkinson's Disease: Enhancing Physical Therapy With Brain Stimulation for Treating Postural Instability.

Current treatments for Parkinson's Disease (PD), including pharmacological (levodopa) and surgical (DBS) methods, have limited impact on postural instability. Physical therapy (PT) for PD is becoming increasingly used as a means to induce benefits on patient balance. However, limits in efficacy and consistency still exist. In this study, the investigators will test the effects of TDCS+TUS combined with PT on postural instability of PD patients.

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosis of "probable" or "possible" PD, as defined by the current clinical criteria (Gelb D, Oliver E, Gilman S. Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol.1999;56:33-39) as confirmed by co-investigator neurologist, or confirmation via medical records or a letter from patient physician;
• Complaints about balance impairment or postural instability due to PD (self-report);
• Age from 40 to 90 years old;
• Taking stable medications for PD for at least 30 days.

Exclusion criteria

• Features suggestive of other causes of parkinsonism/Parkinson's-plus syndromes;
• History of deep brain stimulation or brain ablation surgeries, malignant mass brain lesions;
• History of schizophrenia, bipolar illness; history of alcohol/drug abuse within the past 6 months;
• Need for rapid clinical response due to conditions such as initiation, psychosis, or suicidality;
• Contraindications to transcranial brain stimulation or TUS, i.e. metal in the head, implanted brain medical devices, etc.;
• Unstable medical conditions (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, uncompensated cardiac issues, heart failure, uncompensated pulmonary disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease);
• Pregnancy.
• Epilepsy or disorders that significantly increase likelihood of seizures including: severe traumatic brain injury, congenital birth defects leading to seizures, brain tumor, metabolic disorders associated with seizures, intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage, and nonlacunar strokes.
• Recent (<= 2 months) or planned enrollment in an additional physician prescribed physical therapy program during their time in the trial.
• Presence of another disorder that might have a significant impact on balance (as assessed by a co-investigator neurologist).
• Bed or wheelchair-bound