Parent-Related Factors Associated With Sleep in Young Children

Infant sleep wake patterns will be measured using the Revised-Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ-R). The BISQ-R is a parent-reported screening tool designed to evaluate sleep patterns in infants and young children. This scale consists of 33 questions with 19 questions for scoring. There are 3 subscales including infant sleep, parent perception and parent behavior. The total and each subscale score ranges from 0 to 100. Total score is the average of the 3 subscale scores. Higher scores indicate better sleep quality, more positive perception of infant sleep, and parental behaviors that promote healthy and independent sleep. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

To evaluate prenatal coparenting relationships, the Coparenting Relationship Scale - Father's Prenatal Version will be used for both mother and fathers. The survey predicts that individuals with higher scores are more likely to have positive coparenting relationships in the future. The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 0, while the maximum score is 180.

To evaluate coparenting relationships, the Coparenting Relationship Scale will be used which predicts that individuals with higher scores are more likely to have positive coparenting relationships. The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 0, while the maximum score is 150. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

To evaluate maternal self efficacy, Maternal Self Efficacy Scale will be used. The survey is a ten item scale and a higher score on the scale indicates a higher level of maternal self-efficacy. The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 10, while the maximum score is 40. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

Parental depression symptoms will be measured with Patient Health Questionnaire-9. This nine-item scale is designed to assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. Based on the scale, scores of 0-4 indicate no depression, 5-9 indicate mild depression, and 10 or above reflect a high level of depression. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

The Father Involvement Scale will be used to evaluate paternal involvement. This 37-item scale, scored using a 5-point Likert system, was developed for fathers with children aged 3 to 6 years. The survey assesses the frequency of one-on-one activities fathers engage in with their children and consists of three subscales: Playful Interaction, Basic Care, and Affection and Closeness. When the child is 12 months old, fathers will complete only the Basic Care and Affection and Closeness subscales, as these are more suitable for the child's age. At 36 months postpartum, fathers will be asked to complete the entire scale. Total scores range from a minimum of 37 to a maximum of 185, with higher scores indicating a greater level of paternal involvement.

To evaluate maternal and paternal sleep, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PUKI) will be used. This survey is a 19-item self-report scale that evaluates sleep quality and disturbances over the past month. The total score ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores on the scale are associated with lower sleep quality. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

To evaluate parental stress, the Parental Stress Scale will be used. This survey is a 16-item, 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of the subscales: Parental Rewards, Parental Stressors, Lack of Control, and Parental Satisfaction. In our study, only questions from the parental stressors subscale of the survey will be used. Higher scores indicate greater parental stress. The minimum score that can be obtained from the scale is 16, while the maximum score is 80. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

Mothers and fathers will be asked to assess their baby's temperament with the question, "How would you evaluate your baby's temperament?" This will be rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with "1: Very easy" and "5: Very difficult."

Maternal and paternal anxiety will be measured with Generalized Anxiety Scale-7. Scores on the scale are categorized as follows: 0-4 indicates mild anxiety, 5-9 moderate anxiety, 10-14 high anxiety, and 15-21 severe anxiety, with a cutoff score of 8 or higher. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

Social and emotional development will be assessed using the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), which comprises two domains: the Problem Scale, consisting of 31 items, and the Competence Scale, consisting of 11 items. Items are rated on a 3-point scale: 0 (not true/rarely), 1 (somewhat true/sometimes), and 2 (very true/often). The total score ranges from 0 to 62 for the Problem Scale and from 0 to 22 for the Competence Scale. Higher scores on the Problem Scale indicate a greater risk of emotional and behavioral problems, while lower scores on the Competence Scale suggest an increased risk of competence deficits or developmental delays. The survey has been validated in Turkish.