Outcomes of Hallux Valgus Correction Surgery

Hallux valgus (HV) is defined as a complex deformity where there is a lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx on the first metatarsal head (hallux) that is frequently associated with medial deviation of the first metatarsal, which may sometimes be accompanied by a significant functional disability and foot pain. Worldwide estimates from reports show a prevalence of 23% among adults below 65 years old and 35.7% among adults >65 years old, higher among females, and directly proportional to increasing age.

Because of the concomitant pain and other functional disability with HV, surgery is indicated usually depending on the degree of deformity based on the radiological findings as well as the physical examination findings. Radiological assessment includes weight-bearing anteroposterior (AP) and lateral imaging of the foot. The severity of the deformity is usually classified as mild, when the hallux valgus angle (HVA) is up to 19o , intermetatarsal angle (IMA) up to 13o; moderate when HVA is 20o to 40o; and severe when HVA is >40o and IMA >20o.

There were a multitude of modern concepts in the surgical treatment of HV, including the Keller's procedure, the distal soft-tissue procedure, osteotomies of the first metatarsal, distal metatarsal osteotomies (Wilson procedure, Mitchell osteotomy, distal Chevron osteotomy), and many other type of surgeries including diaphyseal osteotomies and arthrodesis. Most of these surgical procedures were shown to provide morphologic and functional re-balance after surgery. While there are more than 150 surgical procedures described to treat HV, none of them is considered as a gold standard and each one had it is own advantages and disadvantages.

Minimally invasive techniques for correction of HV include arthroscopy, percutaneous and minimum incision surgery which were found to provide better outcome by decreasing recovery and rehabilitation time. On the other hand, some authors suggested that to correct HV deformity using SERI, a lateral soft tissue release should be performed first and reposition the sesamoids to avoid recurrence of the HV.

The SERI technique (as abbreviated to stand for simple, effective, rapid and inexpensive) was presented by several authors to be a minimally invasive technique since it presents with the same advantages as the percutaneous techniques with less tissue dissection and a need for only temporary hardware, meaning no instrumentation and surgery is performed under direct vision without fluoroscopy. It is a type of distal first metatarsal osteotomy. Several studies using SERI have shown adequate correction of the deformity without avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head, pseudoarthrosis or recurrence.

Radiographic assessment including angular radiological parameters, sesamoid subluxation, and the articular congruency were shown to prove adequate correction of angular HV deformities. Preoperatively, measuring the axial view of the sesamoid position in the radiographic assessment of HV was proven to guide the surgeon on the appropriate surgical technique. Furthermore, measurements of the HVA and the IMA were recommended to evaluate preoperative assessment of the severity of HV and postoperative outcome of surgical treatment of HV.

Inclusion criteria

• All adult patients aged 20 years old to 60 years old admitted and managed for hallux valgus during the last 3 years (2013 - 2016) at Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
• Reducible mild or moderate HV, HVA of ≤40o, IMA ≤20o with some severe cases.
• Patient with arthritis of the 1st MTP joint up to grade 2 according to the Regnauld's classification
• At least 2 years of follow-up in the hospital.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who have stiffness of the first MTP joint
• Patients with severe arthritis of the first MTP joint (more than Regnauld's grade 2)
• Patients with history of rheumatoid arthritis or other inflammatory diseases, diabetics.
• Patients with neurological disorders.
• Patients with prior hallux surgery.