Oral Supplementation With a Black Pepper Extract

Inclusion criteria

• Provide voluntary signed and dated informed consent.
• Be in good health as determined by medical history and routine blood chemistries.
• Age between the ages of 21 and 65 (inclusive).
• Body Mass Index of 25-34.99 (inclusive).
• Body weight of at least 120 pounds.
• Normotensive (seated, resting systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg. If the first measurement is slightly elevated above these limits, the subject will be given a brief (5 minute) rest period, and two more measurements will be taken. The average of all three measurements will be used to determine eligibility.
• Normal seated, resting heart rate (<90 per minute).
• Willing to duplicate their previous 24-hour diet, refrain from caffeine for 12 hr, abstain from exercise for 24 hr, and fast for 10 hours prior to each laboratory visit.

Exclusion criteria

• History of unstable or new-onset cardiovascular or cardiorespiratory disease.
• Individuals diagnosed with diabetes or other endocrine disorder.
• Fasting blood sugar of > 126 mg/dL OR HgA1c of > 6.5%.
• History of use of medications or dietary supplements known to affect glycemia or insulinemia.
• Current use of amiodarone, anti-retroviral agents, corticosteroids, methotrexate, tamoxifen, valproate, amitriptyline (Elavil), codeine, desipramine (Norpramin), flecainide (Tambocor), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), ondansetron (Zofran), paroxetine (Paxil), risperidone (Risperdal), tramadol (Ultram), venlafaxine (Effexor), cyclosporine, lithium, chlorzoxazone, theophylline, and bufuralol, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, barbiturates, bromobenzene, lovastatin (Mevacor), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), fexofenadine (Allegra), triazolam (Halcion), glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), etoposide, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, cimetidine, ranitidine, diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin, erythromycin, cisapride (Propulsid),, loperamide (Imodium), quinidine, aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), nevirapine, Pentobarbital (Nembutal), Phenytoin (Dilantin), Propranolol (Inderal), Rifampin, Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox), Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Cefotaxime (Claforan), midazolam, diclofenac.
• History of hyperparathyroidism or an untreated thyroid disease.
• History of nephrotic syndrome or renal disease.
• History of alcohol abuse within the past year.
• History of malignancy in the previous 5 years except for non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell cancer or squamous cell cancer of the skin).
• Prior gastrointestinal bypass surgery (Lapband), etc.
• Other known gastrointestinal or metabolic diseases that might impact nutrient absorption or metabolism, e.g., short bowel syndrome, diarrheal illnesses, history of colon resection, gastro paresis, Inborn-Errors-of-Metabolism (such as PKU).
• Chronic inflammatory condition or autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Lupus, HIV/AIDS, etc.).
• Female subjects who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or lactating. Women who participate in this study must agree to the use of contraception for the duration of the study and any woman that is sexually active will have to have a negative pregnancy test prior to enrolling. Women of childbearing age (any woman prior to menopause or surgically sterilized) regardless of their use of contraception will be provided a urine pregnancy test kit at their screening visit and take the test in private using the female lavatory after signing an informed consent.
• Known sensitivity to any ingredient in the test formulations as listed in the Certificates-of- Analysis.
• Currently participating in another research study with an investigational product or have been in another research study in the past 30 days.
• Any other diseases or conditions that, in the opinion of the medical staff, could confound the primary endpoints or place the subject at increased risk of harm if they were to participate.