Opioid Misuse in Patients with Cancer

PMQ consists of 26 questions assesses the risk of opioid abuse in people with non-oncological chronic pain. The answers are given on a 5-point Likert scale. Total score varies between 0 and 104 points.

ORT consists of a 5-question screening instrument assessing the risk for opioid abuse among individuals prescribed opioids for treatment of chronic pain.

Categories: nociceptive somatic, nociceptive visceral, neuropathic, nociplastic, nociceptive +somatic (mixed).

In months.

Categories: head/face/mouth/neck, up limbs, lower limbs, thorax, abdomen, low back/gluteus/coccyx/pelvis.

Numerical scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain).

Patient consumption of opioids. Name, dose and duration of treatment will be recorded. When treated with opioids, doses are converted to oral morphine equivalents. Data will be collected from patients electronic records.

Patient consumption of benzodiazepines: Name, dose and duration of treatment will be recorded. Data will be collected from patients electronic records.

Patient consumption of Hypnotics: Name, dose and duration of treatment will be recorded. Data will be collected from patients electronic records.

Alcohol consumption (number of drinks per week). The following question will be used to assess the amount of alcohol intake: ''How many alcoholic drink glasses did you have each day last week? We'll start with yesterday and take one day at a time''.

Tobacco use (number of cigarettes, cigars and/or pipe tobacco per day). Smoking behaviour will be assessed by asking the respondent whether they smoked or not, and smokers were asked about their average daily number of smoked cigarettes. Heavy smokers were defined as individuals smoking at least 15 cigarettes a day

The validated two-item ultra-brief screeners for depression (PHQ-2) and anxiety (GAD-2) were combined to constitute the PHQ-4. PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid instrument for screening depressive and anxiety symptoms, both for the clinical and nonclinical populations. Total score is determined by adding together the scores of each of the 4 items. Scores are rated as normal (0-2), mild (3-5), moderate (6-8), and severe (9-12). Total score ≥3 for first 2 questions suggests anxiety. Total score ≥3 for last 2 questions suggests depression.

The EORTC-QLQ-C15-PAL is a 'core questionnaire' for use in palliative care and focuses on frequent symptoms, emotional and physical function, and global health status/ quality of life. It includes 15 items with two multi- item functional scales (physical and emotional functioning), two multi-item symptom scales (fatigue and pain) and a five single item symptom scale (dyspnoea, appetite loss, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, and constipation). One item addresses the global health status/ quality of life. The responses are on a 1-4-point Likert scale for all items ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much), except for one item measuring global health status/quality of life ranging from 1 (very poor) to 7 (excellent). For functioning scales, 100 represents good functioning with no problems. For symptom scales, 100 represents a high degree of symptom burden.

To assess the patients' self-assessed health the following question will be used: 'How is your health overall? ´ The respondents rate excellent, very good, good, less good or poor. The question has been used in previous large national surveys of the general population in Denmark.

The physician treating the patient at the palliative care unit will be asked regarding the patient's potential opioid misuse. The physician will receive written information outlining the operational definition of opioid misuse applied in this study, followed by a closed question: 'In your clinical evaluation, is the patient (identification information: name) an opioid misuser?' The response options are 'Yes,' 'No,' 'Maybe,' and 'I do not know.'

Categories male, female.

Complete years in number.

Categories; single (unmarried), married, cohabitating, separated/divorced, widow/widower.

Categories, basic school, upper secondary or vocational school, higher education.

Number of years of formal education.

Categories in Danish Krone (DKK): <200.000 DKK, 200.000-500.000 DKK, >500.000 DKK

Categories: working/studying, retired, on sick leave.