Opioid-Free Combined Anesthesia With Spontaneous Breathing for VATS

This study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled, open-label, 2x2 factorial design trial involving two types of interventions: ventilation methods (2 levels: preserved spontaneous breathing, mechanical ventilation) and combined anesthesia methods (2 levels: opioid-free combined anesthesia, opioid-based combined anesthesia). To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of these two types of interventions, four parallel groups of patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary nodules under different anesthesia strategies were established: preserved spontaneous breathing and opioid-based combined anesthesia (OSB group), preserved spontaneous breathing and opioid-free combined anesthesia (KSB group), double-lumen endotracheal tube mechanical ventilation and opioid-based combined anesthesia (OMV group), and double-lumen endotracheal tube mechanical ventilation and opioid-free combined anesthesia (KMV group). This study will be conducted in the thoracic surgical centers of six hospitals in China, carried out by experienced senior anesthetists and thoracic surgeons. Patients undergoing anesthesia in this study will experience three observation phases. Phase 1 (perioperative phase, day 0 to day 2): Observing the lung function status and the occurrence of adverse events under different anesthesia plans during the perioperative period; Phase 2 (postoperative hospital stay, day 3 to day 7): Observing the lung function status and the occurrence of adverse events under different anesthesia plans during the hospital stay; Phase 3 (short-term follow-up, day 8 to day 30): Observing the lung function status and the occurrence of adverse events under different anesthesia plans during the short-term follow-up period.

Inclusion criteria

• ASA grades 1-2
• Age > 18 years and < 70 years
• Male or female patients
• VATS pulmonary nodule operation is planned under general anesthesia
• Voluntarily participate in the study and sign the informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Subject's operation is aborted
• Serious adverse events, complications or special physiological changes during the perioperative period should not be continued
• Expansion of surgical scope: resection of complex lung segment or complex lung lobectomy, thoracoscopic assisted small-incision surgery with enlarged incision, requiring pulmonary blood Tracheoplasty or bronchoplasty, partial pericardiectomy or conversion to thoracotomy
• Those who need a second operation within a month
• The patient or his/her guardian requests to withdraw on his/her own
• Reasons why other researchers think the study needs to be discontinued