Operational Trial of Dayzz App

Sleep behaviors (e.g., sleep on a consistent schedule, sleep in later) will be self-reported on the end-of-study survey. 100 mm visual analog scales anchored with "Not at all" at 0 and "All the time" at 100 will be used. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.

Sleep behaviors will also be tracked on the eDiary (e.g., consistent sleep schedule, as calculated with the regularity index). The Sleep Regularity Index calculates the percentage probability of an individual being in the same state (asleep vs. awake) at any two time-points 24 h apart, averaged across the study. The index is scaled so that an individual who sleeps and wakes at exactly the same times each day scores 100 (better outcome), whereas an individual who sleeps and wakes at random scores 0 (worse outcome).

Outcomes in sleep behaviors will be further detailed by self-report by completing a checklist of potential positive changes. Participants will select the healthy sleep changes they have made while completing the protocol, "During this study, have you changed any sleep-related behaviors to improve your sleep since participating in the study (check all that apply)?" Higher numbers of positive changes selected indicate a better outcome.

Sleep duration will be reported in the eDiary.

Sleep quality will be measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is an effective instrument used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in adults. It differentiates "poor" from "good" sleep by measuring seven domains: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction over the last month. The participant self rates each of these seven areas of sleep. Scoring of the answers is based on a 0 to 3 scale, whereby 3 reflects the negative extreme on the Likert Scale. A global sum of "5"or greater indicates a "poor" sleeper. Minimum Score = 0 (better outcome); Maximum Score = 21 (worse outcome).

Unscheduled absences and disability day usage will be collected by self-report on the monthly questionnaires.

World Health Organization Health Work Performance Questionnaire Short Form (HPQ) will be used to assess performance/productivity via 4-week absolute absenteeism. Absenteeism is scored in terms of hours lost per month, which is to say that a high score indicates a higher amount of absenteeism. The measure of absolute absenteeism is expressed in raw hours, with a negative lower bound (if the person works more than expected) and an upper bound equal to the number of hours the respondent is expected to work.

World Health Organization Health Work Performance Questionnaire Short Form (HPQ) will be used to assess performance/productivity via absolute presenteeism. Presenteeism has a lower bound of 0 (total lack of performance during time on the job) and an upper bound of 100 (no lack of performance during time on the job). A higher score indicates a lower amount of lost performance.

Mood will be self-reported via a 7-point Likert scale anchored at 0 with "Very poor" and 7 with "Very good." Higher numbers indicate better outcome.

Mood will be self-reported via 100 mm visual analog scales anchored with "Sad" at 0 and "Happy" at 100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.

Alertness will be self-reported via a 7-point Likert scale anchored at 0 with "Very poor" and 7 with "Very good." Higher numbers indicate better outcome.

Alertness will be self-reported via 100 mm visual analog scales anchored with "Sleepy" at 0 and "Alert" at 100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.

Energy will be self-reported via a 7-point Likert scale anchored at 0 with "Very low" and 7 with "Very high." Higher numbers indicate better outcome.

Energy will be self-reported via 100 mm visual analog scales anchored with "Sluggish" at 0 and "Energetic" at 100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.

Motor vehicle crashes will be self-reported on the monthly questionnaires (count per month).

Near crash incidents will be self-reported on the monthly questionnaires (count per month).

Injuries will be self-reported on the monthly questionnaires (count per month).

Attentional failures (nodding off) will be self-reported on the monthly questionnaires (count per month).

Healthcare utilization will be reported on monthly surveys and costs estimated from the reported usages.