on General Well-being, Anxiety, and Physical Activity in Pregnant Women

Glucose is the key metabolic substrate for tissue energy production. In the perinatal period the mother supplies glucose to the fetus and for most of the gestational period the normal lower limit of fetal glucose concentration is around 3 mmol/L. diabetes is high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. It can happen at any stage of pregnancy, but is more common in the second or third trimester.

The Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (P-ESES) is a validated tool designed to assess a pregnant woman's confidence in her ability to engage in physical activity during pregnancy. It measures self-efficacy across various situations that may influence exercise behavior, such as fatigue, lack of time, or discomfort. The scale typically includes a set of statements where respondents rate their confidence levels using a Likert-type scale (usually from 1 = not at all confident to 5 = completely confident). Higher total scores indicate greater self-efficacy regarding exercise during pregnancy. The final score is calculated by summing all item responses, and it helps identify women who may need additional support or encouragement to stay active.

High blood pressure during pregnancy occurs when a pregnant woman has a blood pressure reading of 140/90 mm Hg or higher in two readings that are 4 or more hours apart. Severe high blood pressure during pregnancy occurs when a pregnant woman has a blood pressure reading of 160/110 mm Hg on two or more occasions

The PSRS36 is a psychometrically sound and practical tool for nurses and other healthcare providers to assess prenatal stress and to examine intervention protocols in Taiwanese prenatal women. More research is recommended to determine whether the PSRS36 may be used in other racial-ethnic groups.

Pregnancy-related anxiety is a specific anxiety characterized by fears and worries about pregnancy. This distinct anxiety is associated with various adverse neonatal (e.g., preterm birth), obstetric (e.g., prolonged and difficult labor), and maternal outcomes (e.g., mood disorders). While several scales exist that assess pregnancy-related anxiety, there is limited information on their development and psychometric properties. Moreover, general anxiety scales used to assess anxiety in pregnant women can confound assessment by the similarity of common pregnancy experiences with anxiety symptomology (e.g., poor sleep). The development of the Pregnancy-related Anxiety Scale (PrAS) addressed this gap, and since its development, the PrAS has demonstrated sound psychometric properties. To meet antenatal anxiety-screening guidelines that advocate using brief scales, the PrAS was refined to a 15-item version. To