Occupational Therapy With Ayres Sensory Integration Approach for School-age Children

Primary outcomes

1. Change on the Goal attainment scaling. Changes in functional goals were measured using goal attainment scaling in collaboration with parents and caregivers.

   Time frame: Pre and post of the treatment intervention, an average of 5 months

   Goal attainment scaling (GAS) is the full name of this scale. It is an individualized, criterion-referenced measures of changes. In involves defining a set of unique goals for a client, and then specifying a range of outcomes, which reflect concrete activities. It is a goal-setting process determining intervention outcomes expressly relevant to individuals and their families. It can show functional and meaningful outcomes that are often challenging to assess using standardized measures. It is a 5-point rating scale ranging from -2 to +2 (-2 is the least favorable treatment outcome, 0 is the predicted expected level of performance, and +2 is the most favorable treatment outcome). In this study, three individualized goals were developed for each participant by occupational therapists in conjunction with the parents or caregivers. The occupational therapists transferred the score of each child in each goal in the pre- and post-assessments according to parents' ratings.

2. Change on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test scores

   Time frame: Pre and post of the treatment intervention, an average of 5 months

   Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (SIPT) is the full name of this scale. This is a standardized test for assessing the sensory integration and praxis of children between the ages of four years and eight years, eleven months. This study used six subtests of the SIPT - standing and walking balance, postural praxis, post-rotary nystagmus, motor accuracy, sequencing praxis, and graphesthesia - based on expert opinions. SIPT offers is computer scoring and interpretation. Therapists simply record the child's performance and enter into the software. The software will generates the S.D. scores and percentile scores. Average SD scores are usually considered to fall between -1 to +1. Scores below -2 generally indicate definite problems, while scores between -2 and -1 are indicative of possible problems.

3. Change on the Chinese Sensory Profile

   Time frame: Pre and post of the treatment intervention, an average of 5 months

   Chinese Sensory Profile is the full name of this scale.This is a judgment-based questionnaire answered on a 5-point Likert scale. It is regarded as a standardized assessment for screening the sensory processing abilities of children between the ages of three and 12 years. Score each response according to the following criteria:1. Always = 1 point; 2. Frequently = 2 points; 3. Occassionally = 3 points; 4. Seldom = 4 points; 5. Never = 5 points.To determine the section raw score total, add the item scores for each section and transfer the total to the section summary table. Plot the child's section raw score totals in the classification column corresponding to the raw score total for each section.Cut scores were determined for each section in the following manner: 1. Typical performance includes scores at or above 1 S.D. below the mean; 2. Probable difference is includes scores at or above 2 S.D. below the mean; 3. Definite difference is includes scores below 2 S.D. below the mean.