Observational Study on the Use of Ultrasound to Recognize Superficial Endometriosis in a Specific Area of the Pelvis (the Uterosacral Ligaments)

All patients enrolled in the study will undergo a level II gynecological ultrasound with a transvaginal approach.

The uterosacral ligaments will be identified ultrasound-wise at the level of the cervix in a transverse scan, in line with the scanning techniques described in the literature. The first measurement point will be located in the median area, at the level of the torus uterinus; the further two measurements will be taken at the level of the LUS (uterosacral ligaments) 1.5 cm to the right and 1.5 cm to the left with respect to the torus. For each patient, the three measurements will be recorded and the average of the values obtained will be calculated, considered as a parameter representative of the average thickness of the LUS (uterosacral ligaments). The acquired ultrasound images will be archived as per clinical practice.

Subsequently, patients will undergo laparoscopic surgery. During the procedure, the presence or absence of superficial endometriosis lesions of the LUS will be documented, as well as the presence of any other locations of deep and superficial disease, according to a predefined grid.

Finally, ultrasound and laparoscopic data will be compared to assess diagnostic concordance at the site of primary interest (LUS), with particular reference to ultrasound thickness as a possible indicator of the presence of laparoscopically confirmed superficial endometriosis.

Inclusion criteria

• patients who need to undergo gynecological surgery with a laparoscopic approach for benign pathology (endometriosis, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, chronic pelvic pain, benign ovarian cysts) or non-advanced malignant pathology (stage I endometrium and cervix, stage I and II ovary).
• patients who performed a level II gynecological ultrasound with an experienced operator in the preoperative pathway.
• technical possibility of performing a transvaginal ultrasound and the patient's willingness to undergo such an investigation.
• patients of childbearing age (18 - 50 years).
• Signing of informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• presence of endometriosis deeply infiltrating the posterior compartment. This may interfere with the interpretation of uterosacral ligament (LUS) thickness as a specific marker of superficial endometriosis
• technical impossibility of performing a transvaginal ultrasound (patient virgo, patient refusal).
• incomplete ultrasound evaluation of the uterosacral ligaments for anatomical reasons or for the presence of endometriosis nodules from other sites with partial involvement of the LUS (uterosacral ligament).
• advanced malignant disease (>Stage I for endometrium and cervix, > Stage II for ovary)
• pelvic organ prolapse
• PID or other pelvic inflammatory diseases
• medical emergencies (ovarian torsion, hemoperitoneum)
• postmenopausal patients
• previous pelvic surgery