Nutritional Resources and Techniques for Young Children

Assessment of change in dietary intake of iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B12, protein, and total energy from baseline to week 12 in toddlers (aged 24-42 months), as measured by a 2-day weighed food and drink diary analyzed using Nutritics software.

Measured in kilograms using calibrated weighing scales

Measured in meters using a stadiometer following standardised procedures

A 20-item self-administered questionnaire developed for this study to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of healthy eating resources and trial recipes provided as part of the NURTURE-Diet intervention.

The questionnaire assesses parental experiences with recipe preparation (including ease, clarity of instructions, required time, and availability of kitchen equipment) through open-ended questions and Likert-scale questions. Child and family acceptability of the recipes (including taste, texture, aroma, appearance, and overall acceptance) is measured using a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire is administered at the participant's endpoint visit (week 12).

The Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) is a validated self-administered questionnaire that assesses an individual's reluctance to consume novel or unfamiliar foods. The food neophobia scale is used to assess levels of food neophobia among adults.

The scale includes 10 items rated on a 7 point likert scale (1=Strongly disagree, 7= Strongly agree). Five items are reverse scored.

After reverse scoring is applied, the 10 items are summed to produce a total score (minimum=10, maximum =70). Higher scores indicate greater food neophobia, characterized by a strong avoidance or refusal of unfamiliar foods (i.e., a worse outcome).

The Cooking Skills Questionnaire (CSQ) is a validated self-administered questionnaire measure assessing parents' confidence in performing a range of cooking skills, such as chopping, baking, stir-frying, steaming, and following recipes. The cooking skills questionnaire includes 14 items, each rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Very poor, 7 = Very good).

Items are averaged to produce a mean score (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 7). Higher scores reflect greater confidence in cooking skills, which is considered a positive outcome in the context of this intervention.

The food skills questionnaire (FSQ) is a validated self-report measure that assesses parents' confidence in practical food-related skills, including meal planning, budgeting, food label use, and using leftovers. The food skills questionnaire consists of 19 items, each rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Very poor, 7 = Very good).

Items are averaged to produce a mean score (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 7). Higher scores indicate greater confidence and frequency in using food-related skills, which is considered a positive outcome in the context of this intervention.

Parental behavior related to involving children in food preparation and cooking activities will be assessed using two validated self-report items.

Each item is rated on a 6-point frequency scale:

1 = Never, 2 = Less than once a week, 3 = Once a week, 4 = Several times a week, 5 = Most days, 6 = Every day.

Responses will be averaged to calculate a mean score for each participant. Minimum = 1, Maximum = 6.

Higher scores indicate more frequent inclusion of children in food-related activities, which is considered a positive outcome in the context of this intervention.

The Child Feeding Questionnaire is a validated self reported assessment of parental feeding practice. The Perceived Responsibility subscale assesses the extent to which parents believe they are responsible for deciding their child's food intake. It includes 3 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Never, 5 = Always).

Items in the perceived responsibility sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 5). Higher scores indicate greater perceived parental responsibility for their child's diet (i.e., a better outcome).

The Child Feeding Questionnaire is a validated self reported assessment of parental feeding practice. The Perceived Parent Weight subscale evaluates how parents perceive their own weight status. This scale includes 4 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Markedly Underweight, 5 = Markedly Overweight).

Items in the Perceived Parent Weight sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 5).Higher scores indicate increased self-perception of being overweight. Values approaching the minimum or maximum of the scale represent less desirable outcomes.

The Child Feeding Questionnaire is a validated self reported assessment of parental feeding practice. The Perceived Child Weight subscale evaluates how parents perceive their child's weight status. This scale includes 3 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Noticeably Underweight, 5 = Noticeably Overweight).

Items in the Perceived Child Weight sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 5).Higher scores indicate that parents percieve their child to be heavier. Values approaching the minimum or maximum of the scale represent less desirable outcomes.

The Child Feeding Questionnaire is a validated self reported assessment of parental feeding practice. The Concern about Child Weight subscale measures parental concern about their child becoming overweight. This scale includes 3 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Unconcerned, 5 = Concerned).

Items in the concern about child weight sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 5).Higher scores indicate greater concern about the child's weight, which may reflect the percieved risk of the child becoming overweight or an overly controling feeding approach (i.e, a worse outcome).

The Child Feeding Questionnaire is a validated self reported assessment of parental feeding practice. The restriction subscale measures the extent to which parents restrict their child's access to certain foods. This scale includes 8 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Disagree, 5 = Agree).

Items in the restriction sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 5). Higher scores indicate greater use of restrictive feeding practices and may be considered a worse outcome.

The Child Feeding Questionnaire is a validated self reported assessment of parental feeding practice. The pressure to eat subscale measures the extent to which parents pressure their child to eat more food. This scale includes 4 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Disagree, 5 = Agree).

Items in the restriction sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 5). Higher scores indicate greater exertion of pressure on children to eat more food despite hunger or satiety cues (i.e., a worse outcome).

The Child Feeding Questionnaire is a validated self reported assessment of parental feeding practice. The monitoring subscale measures the extent to which parents monitor the foods that their child eats. This scale includes 3 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Disagree, 5 = Agree).

Items in the monitoring sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 5). Higher scores indicate greater monitoring of childrens dietary intakes, often considered to be a positive outcome.

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The food responsiveness sub scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ( 1=Never, 5= Always).

Items in the food responsiveness sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate greater food responsiveness, reflecting increased appetite and tendency to eat in response to external food cues (i.e, a worse outcome).

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The emotional overeating sub scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ( 1=Never, 5= Always).

Items in the emotional overeating sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate greater emotional overeating, characterized by children eating more in response to negative emotions (i.e, a worse outcome).

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The enjoyment of food sub scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ( 1=Never, 5= Always).

Items in the enjoyment of food sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate enjoyment of food, characterized by children displaying more interest in eating. Scores closer to the minimum or maximum values of the scale suggest undesirable eating behaviour.

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The desire to drink sub-scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ( 1=Never, 5= Always).

Items in the desire to drink sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate a greater desire to drink, often reflecting behaviours such as increased sugary beverage consumption and drinking without hunger cues (i.e., a worse outcome)

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The satiety responsiveness sub-scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Never, 5= Always), with some items reverse scored.

Items in the satiety responsiveness sub-scale are combined, after applying reverse scoring, to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate greater satiety responsiveness, reflecting the ability to stop eating when full (i.e., a better outcome).

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The slowness in eating sub-scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Never, 5= Always), with some items reverse scored.

Items in the slowness in eating sub-scale are combined, after applying reverse scoring, to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate slower eating pace, with values closer to the minimum or maximum of the scale suggesting atypical eating behaviour

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The emotional undereating sub-scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Never, 5= Always).

Items in the emotional undereating sub-scale are combined to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate greater emotional undereating, characterized by reduced food intake in response to negative emotions (i.e., a worse outcome).

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a validated parent-reported measure assessing children's eating behaviours. The food fussiness sub-scale consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Never, 5= Always), with some items reverse scored.

Items in the food fussiness sub-scale are combined, after applying reverse scoring, to create a mean score. Minimum =1, Maximum = 5. Higher scores indicate greater food fussiness, characterized by picky eating and a refusal to eat novel foods (i.e., a worse outcome).