Novel Mediators of the Lipodystrophy and Metabolic Consequences of Cushing's Disease

Cushing's disease (CD) is a disorder of chronic glucocorticoid (GC) excess that gives rise to a constellation of metabolic comorbidities and to a distinct lipodystrophic body habitus characterized by central adiposity, extremity wasting, and the accumulation of supraclavicular (SC) and dorsocervical (DC) fat in the region where human brown and beige adipose tissue is known to be concentrated. In spite of the recognized thermogenic capacity of select cervical adipocytes, the potential impact of lipomatous alterations in this depot on energy balance and metabolism in CD is unknown. To our knowledge, the "buffalo hump" and the supraclavicular fat pads - which are a sensitive physical finding for CD, have never been phenotypically characterized and the mechanisms underlying the GC mediated development of fat in these depots and the associated metabolic complications have not been explored in humans. The proposed research will advance our understanding of Cushing's lipodystrophy and its metabolic complications. Furthermore, it may lead to the identification of novel mediators and targetable pathways to attenuate the adverse effects of hypercortisolism on body composition and metabolism in CD, as well as in the significant population of patients treated with chronic GCs for an array of other clinical conditions. These findings may have important implications not only for those with Cushing's disease, but for the millions of Americans who are treated with chronic glucocorticoids for an array of clinical conditions.

Inclusion criteria

• Aged 18-70 yrs
• Body mass index (BMI) <35 kg/m2
• Urine free cortisol (UFC) ≥150ug/d
• Pituitary tumor >6mm on MRI or an inferior petrosal sinus sampling with central to peripheral plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) gradient
• Normal renal and thyroid function
• HbA1c ≤8.0.

Exclusion criteria

• Smoking
• Alcohol >2 drinks/day
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• HIV given potential for lipodystrophic confounding
• Pregnancy and nursing
• Use of beta-blockers, β-adrenergic or diabetes medications other than insulin
• History of claustrophobia or difficulty lying flat
• In-dwelling metal hardware.