Novel Interventions for GWVI

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a self-report measure that examines pain severity and interference with functioning in various life domains, including general activity, mood, walking activity, work, relationships, sleep, and enjoyment of life. In addition, the BPI asks questions about pain relief, pain quality, and patient perception of the cause of pain. It has been used and validated in a wide range of clinical conditions and is a gold standard measure for the assessment of pain and its impact. Test-retest reliability has been studied in a variety of pain populations and ranges from .83 to .98. Results of the Pain Interference subscale are reported below. Each item of the 7-item subscale is rated from 0 to 10 with higher scores reflecting a worse outcome. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10.

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a self-report measure that examines pain severity and interference with functioning in various life domains, including general activity, mood, walking activity, work, relationships, sleep, and enjoyment of life. In addition, the BPI asks questions about pain relief, pain quality, and patient perception of the cause of pain. It has been used and validated in a wide range of clinical conditions and is a gold standard measure for the assessment of pain and its impact. Test-retest reliability has been studied in a variety of pain populations and ranges from .83 to .98. Results of the Pain Severity subscale are reported below. Each item of the 4-item subscale is rated from 0 to 10 with higher scores reflecting a worse outcome. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10.

The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) is a widely-used self-report measure that quantifies symptoms of fatigue, including general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced motivation, and reduced activity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability are strong for all subscales. Responses are made on a 5-point scale from 1-5, with higher scores reflecting greater fatigue. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 5. Results from the General Fatigue Subscale are provided below.

The PROMIS initiative developed new ways to measure patient-reported outcomes such as pain, fatigue, physical functioning, emotional distress, and social role participation that have a major impact on quality-of-life across a variety of chronic diseases. The PROMIS Global Health Scale asks participants to rate their health in terms of physical health, mental health, and satisfaction with social activities, and two scores are produced: Physical Health and Mental Health. Results from the Physical Health Subscale are presented below. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 5. Higher scores reflect a better outcome.

The Walk 50FT is a widely used timed measure of fast walking speed. It involves a participant walking 50 feet without any use of an aid while study staff monitor and record their time in seconds using a stopwatch. Participants are instructed to walk "as fast as possible." Two trials of the Walk 50FT were conducted and an average score of these two trials was produced. A lower Walk 50FT score is indicative of higher (i.e., faster) walking speed. The Walk 50FT is empirically supported, possesses strong validity and reliability, and demonstrates sensitivity to change over time among individuals with chronic disorders and is a promising measure of physical functioning in patients with a pain-related condition.

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most popular neuropsychological tests and provides information on visual search, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive functioning. It consists of two parts: A and B. Part A requires an individual to draw lines sequentially connecting 25 encircled numbers distributed on a sheet of paper. Task B requires a similar task, however a participant is asked to draw a line alternating between numbers and letters (e.g., 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, etc). The score on each part represents the amount of time required to complete the task with higher scores reflecting a worse outcome. Results from Trails A are presented below.

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most popular neuropsychological tests and provides information on visual search, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive functioning. It consists of two parts: A and B. Trails A requires an individual to draw lines sequentially connecting 25 encircled numbers distributed on a sheet of paper. Trails B requires a similar task, however a participant is asked to draw a line alternating between numbers and letters (e.g., 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, etc). The score on each part represents the amount of time required to complete the task with higher scores reflecting a worse outcome. Results from Trails B is reported below.

The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test- Revised (HVLT-R) is a cognitive test of verbal learning and memory task where participants are instructed to learn a list of 12 nouns over three learning trials. Each time study staff read the list of words, participants are asked to recall as many words from the list as they can remember immediately afterwards. The sum of correctly recalled words over the three trials is a measure of total recall. Scores can range from 0 to 36 with higher scores reflect better a better outcome.

The PROMIS initiative developed new ways to measure patient-reported outcomes such as pain, fatigue, physical functioning, emotional distress, and social role participation that have a major impact on quality-of-life across a variety of chronic diseases. The PROMIS Global Health Scale asks participants to rate their health in terms of physical health, mental health, and satisfaction with social activities, and two scores are produced: Physical Health and Mental Health. Results from the Mental Health Subscale are presented below. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 5. Higher scores reflect a better outcome.

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) captures domains of strength, endurance, and balance and is highly predictive of disability. The SPPB is based on three timed measures of standing balance, walking (gait) speed, and ability to rise from a chair. The 4-Meter Walk Test is a measure of gate speed where participants are asked to walk 4-meters at a normal walking pace while being timed. Results from the 4-Meter Walk Test are presented below.

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) captures domains of strength, endurance, and balance and is highly predictive of disability. The SPPB consists of three timed measures: standing balance, walking speed, and ability to rise from a chair. The Chair Sit Test (CST) is a timed evaluation of the strength and power of lower-extremities. Participants are instructed to complete five chair stands from a sitting position with their arms folded across their chests. They are instructed to do this as fast as possible, while being timed. Lower scores reflect a better outcome.

The SPPB captures domains of strength, endurance, and balance and is highly predictive of disability. The SPPB consists of three timed measures: standing balance, walking speed, and ability to rise from a chair. The Standing Balance Test measures ability to balance while holding in three different positions for 10 seconds. For each position they are able to hold for 10 seconds, they receive a score of 1. If they are unable to hold the position, they receive a score of 0. To illustrate the minimal variability on this measure, results are provided below for the tandem position (the most difficult position to hold).

The Health Symptom Checklist consists of 34 frequently reported health and mental health symptoms from nine body systems (cardiac, pulmonary, dermatological, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, neurological, neuropsychological and psychological). On a 5 point scale from 0 (no) to 4 (very often), respondents indicate if they have experienced each symptom in the last 30 days, and if yes, how often. A response of 2 (about once per week) or greater is considered an endorsement of the symptom. All symptoms endorsed are added together for a total score. Total scores can range from 0 to 34 with higher scores indicating more symptoms.

The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) is a self-report measure consisting of 20 items that parallel the DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder criteria. Respondents indicate on a 5-point scale (0-4) how much they have been bothered in the last month by particular symptoms that are related to stressful military experiences. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 4.The DSM-IV version of the PCL has been shown to have excellent reliability and validity.

The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is a brief instrument that was designed to assess the severity of both nighttime and daytime components of insomnia. It is comprised of seven questions that are responded to on a scale from 0 to 4.. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 4, with higher scores reflecting greater insomnia symptom severity.

Study staff will monitor number of intervention sessions attended. The maximum total number of sessions is 24 (range 0-24) with higher numbers showing greater number of sessions attended.

Percentage of participants who completed the post-treatment assessment.

This measure will monitor compliance with home Tai Chi practice during the intervention. Average Tai Chi practice minutes per week is reported.

The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) is is an 8-item measure that assesses satisfaction with both the interventions. Each item is responded to on a 4-point scale (1-4) and items are summed for a total score that can range from 8-32 with higher scores reflecting greater satisfaction.

The Depression Anxiety Sensitivity Scale (DASS) is a 21 item questionnaire that is responded to on a 4-point scale that ranges from 0-3. There are three self-report scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Scores are obtained by summing the items that comprise each of the three scales, with higher scores reflecting greater symptomatology. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.The DASS was constructed not merely as another set of scales to measure conventionally defined emotional states, but to further the process of defining, understanding, and measuring the ubiquitous and clinically significant emotional states usually described as depression, anxiety and stress.

The Depression Anxiety Sensitivity Scale (DASS) is a 21 item questionnaire that is responded to on a 4-point scale that ranges from 0-3. There are three self-report scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Scores are obtained by summing the items that comprise each of the three scales, with higher scores reflecting greater symptomatology. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.The DASS was constructed not merely as another set of scales to measure conventionally defined emotional states, but to further the process of defining, understanding, and measuring the ubiquitous and clinically significant emotional states usually described as depression, anxiety and stress.

The Depression Anxiety Sensitivity Scale (DASS) is a 21 item questionnaire that is responded to on a 4-point scale that ranges from 0-3. There are three self-report scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Scores are obtained by summing the items that comprise each of the three scales, with higher scores reflecting greater symptomatology. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.The DASS was constructed not merely as another set of scales to measure conventionally defined emotional states, but to further the process of defining, understanding, and measuring the ubiquitous and clinically significant emotional states usually described as depression, anxiety and stress.

The PCS is a 13-item self-report scale that assesses the degree to which people engage in three subtypes of pain catastrophizing: rumination, magnification, and helplessness. Each item is responded to on a 5 point scale (0-4). Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 4, with higher scores reflecting greater pain catastrophizing. It is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring catastrophic thinking in relation to pain.

The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHMPI) is a well-validated measure of the experience of chronic pain and has been shown to be applicable across a variety of clinical pain conditions. The 52-item inventory is divided into three parts: 1) Important dimensions of the chronic pain experience, 2) patient perceptions of how important others respond to their pain, and 3) engagement in everyday activities. Patient's responses to WHYMPI items are made on a 7-point scale (0-6). The focus of the analysis reported before is on the 18 items that constitute Part 3. This General Activity Scale was scored by summing responses and then obtaining an average by dividing by the number of non-missing items. Total average scores range from 0-6 with higher scores reflecting greater engagement in common everyday activities.

The Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale (CPSS) is a 22-item questionnaire designed to measure chronic pain patients' perceived self-efficacy to cope with the consequences of chronic pain. Questions are broken down into three categories: self-efficacy for pain management, self-efficacy for physical function, and self-efficacy for coping with symptoms. Each item in the CPSS is presented as a question (e.g., "How certain are you that you can decrease your pain quite a bit?"). Participants rate each belief on a 10-point Likert scale (range 10-100). A total score is calculated by first summing the item responses across all three categories. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 10 and a maximum score of 100, with higher scores reflecting greater perceived self-efficacy.

The Group Cohesiveness Scale is a self-report measure that examines group cohesion within a therapeutic environment. Each of the 7 questions are responded to on a 5-point scale (1-5). Scores are obtained by summing the items with higher scores reflecting greater group cohesiveness.

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms is an 8-item self-report measure that examines elements of self-care. Each item is responded to on a 5 point scale ranging from 1-5. Raw scores are calculated by summing responses to all the items (score range 8-40), and then converted to a T-score using a conversion table located in the administration guide provided for the PROMIS instruments. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Higher scores reflect greater confidence in one's ability to manage one's symptoms

The Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is a 15-item self-report measure that assesses participants' openness towards, awareness of, and attention to the present. This scale can reveal information about one's self-regulation and well-being. Each item is responded to on a 6-point scale from 1 (almost always) to 6 (almost never) with higher scores reflecting greater mindfulness awareness. Sum scores are changed to mean scores so they are in the same metric as the individual items constituting the scale with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 6.

Study staff recorded participants' height in inches and weight in pounds. Weight and height measurements were used to calculate Body Mass Index using the formula: [weight (lb) / height (in)^2] x 703. This data is only available for the participants who participated in-person.

Systolic pressures were measured in mmHg using a blood pressure cuff and sphygmomanometer. Two blood pressure readings were taken at each assessment point, and the average was used. This data is only available for the participants who were in-person.

Diastolic pressures were measured in mmHg using a blood pressure cuff and sphygmomanometer. Two blood pressure readings were taken at each assessment point, and the average was used. This data is only available for the participants who were in-person.

The Physical Activity Recall (PAR) is a measure that was administered by study staff in an interview format. The PAR asks participants' to report time they spent engaged in general physical activity, strength building activities, and activities that involve flexibility over the past week. For the measure of general physical activity, all activity that is of at least moderate intensity is counted and is reported as hours of activity in the past week.

The Physical Activity Recall (PAR) is a measure that was administered by study staff in an interview format. The PAR asks participants' to report time they spent engaged in general physical activity, strength building activities, and activities that involve flexibility over the past week. For the measure of strength activity, time spent engaged in strength building activity over the past seven days is totaled and is reported as hours of strength activity in the past week.

The Physical Activity Recall (PAR) is a measure that was administered by study staff in an interview format. The PAR asks participants' to report time they spent engaged in general physical activity, strength building activities, and activities that involve flexibility over the past week. For the measure of flexibility activity, time spent engaged in activity that involve flexibility over the past seven days is totaled and is reported as hours of flexibility activity in the past week.

The Epidemic - Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII) is a 92-item questionnaire. This recently-developed measure was designed to learn about and describe the impact of the coronavirus disease pandemic on various domains of personal and family life, including employment, education, home life, social life, economic, physical health, infection experiences, and positive changes. This instrument was only administered to the remote participants, after the pandemic started. Participants were asked to respond to each item with one of the following four responses: 1) "Yes, me", 2) "Yes, person in home", 3) "no", and 4) "not applicable". Any "yes" response was coded as 1 and a "no" or "not applicable" response was coded as 0. Two scales were created (Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts) by summing the items for each scale. Negative Impacts are reported here (possible response range of 0-73), with higher scores indicating greater negative impact of the pandemic.

The Epidemic - Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII) is a 92-item questionnaire. This recently-developed measure was designed to learn about and describe the impact of the coronavirus disease pandemic on various domains of personal and family life, including employment, education, home life, social life, economic, physical health, infection experiences, and positive changes. This instrument was only administered to the remote participants, after the pandemic started. Participants were asked to respond to each item with one of the following four responses: 1) "Yes, me", 2) "Yes, person in home", 3) "no", and 4) "not applicable". Any "yes" response was coded as 1 and a "no" or "not applicable" response was coded as 0. Two scales were created (Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts) by summing the items for each scale. Positive Impacts are reported here (possible response range of 0-18), with higher scores indicating greater positive impact of the pandemic.