'Nordic Walking' on Geriatric Individuals

This is a widely used clinical assessment tool in geriatrics for evaluating lower limb function, muscle strength, balance, and overall physical performance in older adults. Participants were instructed to sit on a chair approximately 48 cm in height, keeping their back straight, feet flat on the floor, and arms crossed over the chest. They were then asked to stand up and sit down repeatedly for 30 seconds. The total number of complete stands performed within the 30-second period was recorded

This is a widely used assessment in geriatrics to evaluate upper body strength and endurance, particularly of the arm muscles (7). The arm curl test was performed with participants seated on a chair without armrests. Holding a dumbbell in the hand with the palm facing the body, participants executed elbow flexion with supination through a full range of motion, ensuring the elbow was fully bent and then fully extended for each repetition. Women used 2 kg dumbbells and men used 3 kg dumbbells. The total number of controlled repetitions completed in 30 seconds was recorded.

It is a widely used, simple, and validated clinical assessment to measure aerobic capacity and functional exercise tolerance in older adults (8). The participant was instructed to walk along a 30-meter flat surface for six minutes. At the end of the six-minute period, the total distance walked was recorded in meters.

This is a clinical and research tool to assess mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk in older adults (9). While seated on a chair approximately 48 cm in height, the participant was instructed, upon hearing the "start" command, to stand up, walk 3 meters forward at a normal walking speed, return, and sit down again. The test was performed twice, and the average time was recorded.

It is a validated tool used to assess an individual's confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Participants rated their perceived safety during various daily activities on a scale from 1 (very confident) to 10 (not confident at all). Scores were converted to a total between 0 (low fall-related self-efficacy) and 100 (high fall-related self-efficacy), with higher scores indicating greater fear of falling (10).

It is a 17-item self-report questionnaire rated on a 4-point Likert scale, designed to assess fear of movement or re-injury. Higher scores indicate greater levels of kinesiophobia.

It is a 24-item questionnaire assessed on a five-point Likert scale, covering six domains: sensory abilities, autonomy, past-present-future activities, social participation, death and dying, and intimacy. Each domain is scored from 4 to 20, and higher total scores indicate better quality of life