Neuromuscular Function and Performance in Athletes With or Without Bruxism

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

F - Natural Oscillation Frequency [Hz], characterizing Tone or Tension (higher values = higher tension)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

S - Dynamic Stiffness [N/m] (This biophysical parameter reflects the muscle's ability to resist contractions or external stresses to deformation, it can increased with exercice or pain)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives parameter of the neuromuscular function:

D - Logarithmic Decrement [relative unit], characterizing Elasticity (Higher values = lower elasticity)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

R - Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time [ms] (low value correspond to fast tissue recovers its shape)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

C - Ratio of Relaxation and Deformation time [relative unit], characterizing Creep (Higher Creep Value: Indicates higher fluidity, meaning the muscle is less rigid)

Will be evaluated with the Eforto device, which is the first validated device to measure maximal grip strength test. One value in kPa. Higher values indicate higher muscle strength.

Will be evaluated with the Eforto device, which is the first validated device to measure muscle fatigability (fatigue resistance test, which was shown to reflect the level of both muscle energy and metabolism, neuromuscular function, and immune and stress responses). One value obtained, in seconds. Cut-off normative values in healthy 25-35 year-old male and female people are available, and lower values indicate increased muscle fatigability.

Will be evaluated with dynamometer, higher values (unit is N) meaning higher muscular isometric force

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

F - Natural Oscillation Frequency [Hz], characterizing Tone or Tension (higher values = higher tension)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

S - Dynamic Stiffness [N/m] (This biophysical parameter reflects the muscle's ability to resist contractions or external stresses to deformation, it can increased with exercice or pain)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives parameter of the neuromuscular function:

D - Logarithmic Decrement [relative unit], characterizing Elasticity (Higher values = lower elasticity)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

R - Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time [ms] (low value correspond to fast tissue recovers its shape)

Myotonometry will be performed with the MyotonPRO device, a digital palpation device, on the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, erector spinae and quadriceps muscles at rest,

The device gives :

C - Ratio of Relaxation and Deformation time [relative unit], characterizing Creep (Higher Creep Value: Indicates higher fluidity, meaning the muscle is less rigid)

Measurement of passive range of motion in internal and external rotation of the shoulder using a goniometer (in degrees), with the arm abducted 90° in the frontal plane. The higher values correspond to the higher passive range of motion

Cervical spine mobility (flexion, extension, lateral flexion to the right and left, and rotation to the right and left). Assessment using a ordinal scale with values : Good, limited, very limited, from better to worse outcomes.

Athletic performance will be assessed and measured at the start of training and after the warm-up using a test specific to each sport.

For swimmers, a 50-meter crawl at maximum speed will be timed. For handball players, a T-test will be conducted and measured using photoelectric sensors. This test evaluates speed and accuracy on a course of cones arranged in a T-shape with specific distances between the cones (spaced 5 to 10 meters apart).

The lower values correspond to the better athletic performance.

Obtained through questioning following International Olympic Committee guidelines. Descriptive outcome. Score severity according to the number and the severity of the injuries.