Neuromodulation Effect of Focused Ultrasound for Motor Recovery in Patients With Stroke

The study is a pilot study for feasibility, which aims to recruit 20 patients with subacute (within 3 months) stroke and unilateral hemiparesis. tFUS stimulation will be delivered to the primary motor cortex on the healthy side. The treatment protocol consists of once daily treatment for consecutive five tFUS sessions. The primary outcomes are defined as cortical excitability assessment in bilateral primary motor cortex, as well as safety analysis; the secondary outcome measures include the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Medical Research Council score, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index, Modified Rankin Scale and functional brain activities. The evaluation will be conducted before treatment and on the first day, first week, fourth week, and twelfth week after completing tFUS.

The second part of this study is an efficacy investigation, which plans to recruit 30 subacute stroke patients for a randomized controlled trial with a parallel-group design. The experimental group will receive focused ultrasound stimulation with the same parameters and target site as the Phase I pilot study, while the control group will receive sham stimulation at the same location. The treatment frequency will be the same as that of the pilot study.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with stroke (including hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke) diagnosed by a board-certificated physician.
• Occurrence of stroke within three months.
• Upper limb muscle strength ≤ 4 points according to the Medical Research Council Manual Muscle Testing scale.
• No previous history of stroke, epilepsy, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or other neurodegenerative diseases.
• Patients could maintain sitting posture for more than 15 minutes on a chair.
• 18 years of age or older.

Exclusion criteria

• History of recurrent stroke, traumatic brain injuries, brain tumors, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease or other musculoskeletal system diseases that may affect evaluation and treatment.
• Contraindications to focused ultrasound, including pregnancy, cardiac pacemaker or implantable medical device, abnormal connective tissue diseases, coagulopathy (PLT<100,000/μL, PT>14 seconds, APTT>36 seconds, INR>1.3), implants near or in the brain, or those deemed Unsuitable for this treatment by the physician.
• Unable to cooperate with treatment or functional assessment due to impaired consciousness or aphasia; inability to informed consent.
• Patient with cranial bone factor causing the inability of tFUS penetration.
• Patient under anticoagulants with coagulopathy (PLT<100,000/μL, PT>14 seconds, APTT>36 seconds, INR>1.3)
• Patients who are not suitable for undergoing CT imaging examination;
• Major physical illnesses and neurological disorders (such as epilepsy, brain surgery, etc.)
• Patients with metallic implants in their bodies;
• Patients taking tricyclic antidepressants, analgesics, or using antiepileptic drugs
• Individuals experiencing sleep disorders during tFUS treatment;
• Individuals with history of alcoholism
• Patients with severe or uncontrollable intracranial pressure;
• Patients requiring anticoagulants;
• Any intracranial space-occupying lesions;
• Significant calcification of intracranial vessels based on pre-treatment CT imaging;
• Subjects with lesions/wounds on the scalp in the target region.