Neurological Changes With a Memory Self-efficacy Training Protocol

Using fMRI identify changes in activation patterns or signal change when performing an associative memory task

Using fMRI during a resting state observe changes in default mode network activation

Observe the changes in memory performance using measures that were specifically practiced in the training intervention. Recall of a short story to estimate episodic memory capacity.

Observe the changes in memory performance using measures that were specifically practiced in the training intervention. Recall of a visually presented list of unrelated words to estimate episodic memory capacity and working memory.

Observe the changes in memory performance using measures that were specifically practiced in the training intervention. Recall of a face-name pairs to evaluate associative memory.

Observe the changes in memory performance using measures that were not specifically practiced in the training intervention.

Participants are asked to recall a list of verbally presented words immediately after presentation and after a delay. Used to evaluate sort term verbal memory and long term memory

Observe the changes in memory performance using measures that were not specifically practiced in the training intervention.

Subjects are given time to learn the location and design of shapes on a 6 x 4 matrix. Subjects are required to correctly select the 7 correct shapes from a selection of 15 and place them on the grid. Used to measure visual spatial memory

Observe the changes in memory performance using measures that were not specifically practiced in the training intervention.

A series of numbers are verbally presented, increasing in length for the participant to repeat back. Measures working memory

Observe the changes in memory performance using measures that were not specifically practiced in the training intervention.

An alternative form of evaluating associative memory ability. Participants will be given face and scene pairs to remember.

Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ), 5-point scale Likert questions (min 0, max 4) evaluating subjective memory satisfaction, ability and strategy use.

Satisfaction: 18 questions. Raw scores can be converted to T Scores using the normative data presented in MMQ administration and scoring manual. Converted T-Scores can range from 15 to 85. T-scores between 40-60 are considered normal relative to the population. While those below 40 are considered low scores and those above 60 high scores.

Ability: 20 questions. Raw scores can be converted to T Scores using the normative data presented in MMQ administration and scoring manual. Interpretation of T-scores same as above sub-scale.

Strategy: 19 questions. Raw scores can be converted to T Scores using the normative data presented in MMQ administration and scoring manual. Interpretation of T-scores same as above sub-scale.

Each of the three MMQ scales is scored and interpreted separately.

Memory self efficacy will be evaluated and compared between groups to evaluate the efficacy of each intervention arm. As there is no one measure that is the gold standard for memory self-efficacy two validated measures will be used for comparison.

Measure by 2) Memory Self-efficacy Questionnaire (MSEQ) subjective scale of participant's confidence in completing various memory related tasks.

Each task is scored by percent confidence of successfully completing the task (0 - 100%) Total memory self-efficacy is calculated by summing each task and taking the average. Values closer to 0% represent a worse overall memory self-efficacy, while values closer to 100% represent better memory self-efficacy.