Neurocognitive Exercises for Ankle Instability

It is a 30-point, 9-item scale measuring the severity of functional ankle instability. Lower scores indicate functional ankle instability. The Minimal Clinically Important Difference for this valid and reliable scale is 3 points.

Electrode placements will be performed in accordance with the European Recommendations from Surface EMG for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM).

Electrode placements will be performed in accordance with the European Recommendations from Surface EMG for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM).

The pennation angles of the peroneal, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscle groups will be evaluated and recorded using ultrasonographic imaging. The pennation angle will be defined as the angle between the muscle fascicle and the superficial aponeurosis.

Pain during activity in the ankle will be assessed with a pain NPRS, a numbered scale of 11 points. On this scale, "0" indicates no pain, and "10" indicates the most severe pain imaginable.

During the assessments, three repeat measurements will be made using an electronic goniometer. For goniometric measurement, the pivot point will be placed on the lateral malleolus. The fixed arm will be kept parallel to the lateral midline of the fibula. The moving arm, on the other hand, will follow the lateral midline of the 5th metatarsal bone.

It is a 17-item scale developed to assess the fear of movement/re-injury. The lowest possible score on the test is 17; the highest score is 68; and a score higher than 37 is an indicator of poor health outcomes.

Physical performance that requires strength, flexibility, and proprioception is assessed through a dynamic test evaluating dynamic postural control and lower extremity injury risk associated with musculoskeletal injuries. The protocol of the test involves maintaining balance on the ipsilateral leg while reaching as far as possible with the contralateral leg.

Participants' standing balance will be assessed. Initially, one foot will be positioned on a firm and flat surface with the entire lower extremity in full extension, while the other lower extremity is positioned with the hip and knee flexed at 90 degrees. With their eyes closed, participants will start the timing when the foot not being tested loses contact with the ground, and the timing will stop when they place their foot back on the ground or when there is a significant increase in body sway.

It is a test that assesses the functional stability of patients. Patients will be asked to stand on one leg on the affected extremity. They will then be required to perform 10 jumps over two pre-determined strips that are spaced 30 cm apart.

It will be used to evaluate patient satisfaction. It is designed to determine the amount of improvement or worsening of the patient over time.

In our study, GRC consisting of 5 levels between -2 and +2 value ranges (-2: I am much worse, -1: I am worse, 0: I am the same, 1: I am better, 2: I am much better) was preferred.

While the eyes of the individuals are closed, the ankle joints will be positioned and a goniometric measurement will be performed. Then, the patient will be brought to the starting position and asked to achieve the same movement. The difference between the two measurements will be recorded.