Neoadjuvant S-1 and Concurrent Radiotherapy for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

S-1: S-1 is an oral fluorinated pyrimidine agent which contains tegafur (FT, a prodrug of 5-FU), 5-chloro-2,4-dihydropyrimidine (CHDP) and potassium oxonate (Oxo) effective for gastric and various other types of cancers. S-1 is also active for pancreatic cancer: S-1 demonstrated non-inferiority to gemcitabine in overall survival for metastatic or locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).

S-1 and Concurrent radiotherapy: S-1 therapy with concurrent radiation therapy (RT) had favorable activity with overall tumor response rate of 37%, as well as mild toxicity in patients with LAPC. The median survival time and the 2-year survival rate for LAPC patients treated by S-1/RT were 16.2 months and 26% respectively.

Definition of Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer:(1) Reconstructible bilateral impingement of superior mesenteric vein or portal vein; (2) Tumor contact with the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of </= 180 degrees ; (3) Tumor contact with the common hepatic artery of </= 180 degrees (at the root of the gastroduodenal artery); and (4) Tumor contact with the celiac axis of </= 180 degrees.

Tumor with portal vein tumor thrombus and tumor contact with the second or further jejunal SMA branch are considered as unresectable. Tumor which is contact with the common hepatic artery or celiac axis but can be resected by distal pancreatectomy with en bloc celiac axis resection, is not included in this study.

Inclusion criteria

• Cytologic or histologic proof of pancreatic ductal carcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma is required prior to study entry.
• Disease assessment by Multi Detector-row Computed Tomography (MDCT) scan within 2 weeks of study entry
• Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer
• No evidence of metastatic disease as determined by chest CT scan, and abdominal CT scan and laparoscopy. Paraaortic lymph node metastasis is considered as metastatic.
• Age >/=20 years old, </=75 years old
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-1
• No prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer
• A square 10 x 10 cm radiation field could encompass all pancreatic lesions and lymph node metastases
• Adequate oral intake
• Appropriate biliary drainage for obstructive jaundice
• Lab Values:

• hemoglobin concentration >/= 9.0 g/dL
• leukocyte count >/= 3,000/mm3
• platelet count >/= 100,000/mm3
• serum total bilirubin </= 2.0 mg dL, or </=3.0 mg/dL with biliary drainage
• Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) </= 100 U/L, or </= 150 U/L with biliary drainage
• serum albumin >/= 3.0 g/dl
• serum creatinine </= 1.2 mg dL
• Creatinine clearance >/= 50 ml/min
• Written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Tumor invasion to the alimentary tract determined by abdominal CT scan or endoscopic examination
• Prior chemotherapy using fluoropyrimidine
• Prior radiation therapy to the abdomen
• Watery diarrhea
• Concurrent phenytoin, warfarin potassium, or flucytosine treatment
• Presence of contrast medium allergy
• Pulmonary fibrosis or interstitial pneumonia
• Pleural effusion or ascites
• Active infection
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (FBS >/= 200mg/dL or HbA1c >/= 10.0)
• Active concomitant malignancy
• Active gastroduodenal ulcer
• Severe complications such as cardiac or renal disease
• Regular administration of systemic corticosteroid
• Psychiatric disorder
• History of drug hypersensitivity
• Pregnant and lactating women and women of childbearing age who were not using effective contraception