Neoadjuvant Radio-immunotherapy Versus Immunotherapy Alone for Locally Advanced HNSCC

This is a randomized, controlled, open-label, Phase II clinical trial designed to compare the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant radiotherapy combined with Adebrelimab versus Adebrelimab monotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Experimental Arm (Radio-immunotherapy): Patients will receive neoadjuvant radiotherapy (SBRT 24 Gy in 3 fractions) followed by or concurrent with 2 cycles of Adebrelimab (1200mg, Q3W).

Control Arm (Immunotherapy alone): Patients will receive 2 cycles of Adebrelimab (1200mg, Q3W) as monotherapy.

Following the completion of neoadjuvant therapy, a multidisciplinary team (MDT) will evaluate the patients' response. Eligible patients will then undergo standard surgical resection of the primary tumor and neck dissection within 3 to 4 weeks after the last dose of immunotherapy.

The primary endpoint is the Major Pathological Response (MPR) rate, defined as less than or equal to 10% residual viable tumor in the resected specimen. Secondary endpoints include Pathological Complete Response (pCR) rate, Objective Response Rate (ORR) according to RECIST 1.1, Event-Free Survival (EFS), and the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) graded by CTCAE 5.0.

Inclusion criteria

• Histologically confirmed, treatment-naive, resectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
• Clinical stage III to IVB (according to AJCC 8th edition), excluding HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.
• PD-L1 expression with a Combined Positive Score (CPS) ≥ 1.
• Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score ≥ 70.
• Age between 18 and 70 years (inclusive).
• Evaluated by a multidisciplinary team (MDT) as resectable or borderline resectable, and suitable for preoperative Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT).
• Adequate organ function within 7 days prior to enrollment, meeting laboratory criteria for hematology, liver, and renal function.
• Anatomical requirements for SBRT: Lesions must be localized with adequate anatomical space for high-precision radiotherapy without exceeding safety limits for Organs at Risk (OARs).
• Voluntary participation with a signed Informed Consent Form (ICF).

Exclusion criteria

• Prior radical surgery, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy for head and neck malignancies.
• Severe comorbidities that may interfere with study participation, such as uncontrolled cardiovascular disease or active infections.
• Active Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HBsAg positive and HBV DNA ≥ 500 IU/mL).
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• Any other condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, makes the patient unsuitable for enrollment.