Negative/Low Hormone Receptor and APOcrine Lobular Invasive Breast Carcinoma - A Real-World International Cohort Study

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common histologic subtype of breast cancer (BC), accounting for approximately 10-15% of all invasive BCs. ILC is characterized by loss or dysfunction of the E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complex, typically due to CDH1 alterations, and by a distinctive discohesive and infiltrative growth pattern. These features translate into specific and unique biological, clinical and therapeutic challenges compared with invasive carcinoma of no-special type (IC-NST).

The majority of ILCs - up to 90% - are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, progesterone receptor (PR)-positive and HER2-negative. In contrast, hormone receptor (HR)-negative ILC (ER and PR expression <1%), HR-low ILC (1-10% HR-positive cells), and HER2-positive (any HR expression) ILC are rare, biologically and clinically heterogeneous, and markedly underrepresented in clinical trials and large translational datasets. Moreover, the absence or very low expression of hormone receptors limits the role of endocrine therapy, thereby narrowing therapeutic options and potentially affecting prognosis. The efficacy of anti-HER2 therapies in ILC remains less defined than in invasive carcinoma of no-special type, due to the rarity of HER2 overexpression in breast cancer of lobular histotype (<10% of all ILC). Consequently, clinical outcomes and response to neoadjuvant therapies across both HR-positive/HER2-positive and HR-negative/HER2-positive represent areas of ongoing clinical investigation.

Recent genomic and transcriptomic studies have identified alterations involving pathways such as CDH1, ERBB2, TP53, PI3K/AKT/PTEN, and DNA damage response pathways, along with other potentially actionable molecular mechanisms. These findings suggest that HR-negative/low ILC may constitute a biologically distinct entity rather than simply an uncommon variant of conventional HR-positive lobular carcinoma, raising important questions regarding prognosis, optimal treatment sequencing, response to neoadjuvant therapies, and the potential role of targeted and biomarker-driven treatments.

Triple-negative ILC (TN-ILC) is exceedingly rare, accounting for approximately 1-2% of all ILC and well below 1% of all invasive BCs, which largely explains their marked underrepresentation in prospective trials, and the consequent lack of disease-specific evidence to guide clinical management. Available evidence suggests that TN-ILC is not simply the lobular counterpart of conventional basal-like triple-negative BC. Indeed, when profiled by pam50, the majority of TN-ILC are non-basal-like, in contrast to conventional TN IC-NST. Moreover, TN-ILC appears enriched for older age at diagnosis, pleomorphic and apocrine/histiocytoid morphology, androgen receptor (AR) expression, and luminal androgen receptor (LAR)-like biology. Importantly, TN-ILC has been reported to show poor responsiveness to conventional neoadjuvant chemotherapy despite aggressive clinical behavior, raising questions about the optimal systemic treatment strategy and the potential value of biomarker-driven approaches. The few dedicated series available consistently report an unfavorable course, with a pooled pathologic complete response (PCR) rate of approximately 22.5%: in the largest early-stage cohort described to date, 5- and 10-year invasive disease-free survival were only approximately 50% and 37%, respectively. In addition, actionable ERBB2 mutations have been reported in up to ~20% of TN-ILC and, together with frequent enrichment in DNA-damage-response, recurrent ESRRA mutations and PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway alterations, may represent tractable therapeutic vulnerabilities, including HER2 tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, PARP or PI3K/AKT inhibitors.

HER2-positive ILC represents another uncommon and clinically relevant subgroup. HER2 overexpression/amplification in ILC is more frequently observed in pleomorphic and high-grade variants, and may be associated with distinct clinicopathologic features, higher proliferative activity and worse prognosis than classic HR-positive/HER2-negative ILC. However, data specific to HER2-positive ILC remain sparse, and most recommendations are extrapolated from IC-NST cohorts. Whether patterns of response to anti-HER2 neoadjuvant therapy, rates of PCR, surgical outcomes and recurrence patterns differ from those observed in IC-NST remains insufficiently defined.

Apocrine differentiation in the lobular setting is of particular interest, as it represents a rare and potentially distinct phenotype, commonly associated with HR negativity, AR expression, HER2 pathway activation in a subset of cases, LAR biology, and unique genomic alterations, thereby providing a biological rationale for AR-directed or other targeted therapeutic strategies. In the lobular setting, apocrine, pleomorphic and histiocytoid features may overlap morphologically and biologically. However, the true prevalence, genomic correlates, treatment patterns and outcomes of apocrine lobular tumors remain poorly characterized. In the ductal setting TN apocrine carcinomas have shown markedly low PCR rates to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (as low as ~7%, versus ~30% in non-apocrine TN BC), and LAR-subtype tumors achieve the lowest PCR across TN subtypes (~14% versus ~43%). As apocrine and LAR features are enriched in HR-negative/low ILC, comparably low chemosensitivity is expected in this setting, further supporting a dedicated, biomarker-driven therapeutic approach.

Because of the rarity of these subtypes, prospective randomized studies are unlikely to be feasible in the near future. A large international real-world cohort is therefore needed to clarify whether HR-negative/low ILC, and apocrine/LAR-enriched lobular tumors and HER2-positive ILC represent clinically meaningful and biologically distinct entities, and to identify potential prognostic and predictive biomarkers.

The NAPOLI study is designed to assemble a large international cohort of patients with TN ILC, HR-negative/low and HER2-positive ILC, with a special focus on apocrine/LAR features, molecular alterations, imaging presentation, multidisciplinary treatment patterns, response to neoadjuvant therapies, surgical and axillary management, recurrence patterns, and oncologic outcomes. The overarching aim is to generate disease-specific evidence to improve risk stratification, identify clinically relevant prognostic and predictive biomarkers, guide multidisciplinary management and support future translational and biomarker-driven studies in this rare and underexplored subgroup of BC.

Inclusion criteria

• Female or male patients aged ≥18 years;
• Histologically confirmed ILC, confirmed by E-cadherin loss/aberrant expression and/or p120 cytoplasmic relocalization and/or CDH1 alteration;
• HR-negative (ER <1% and PR <1%) or HR-low (ER and/or PR 1-10%) disease, as defined by ASCO/CAP guidelines, is eligible regardless of HER2 status (assessed according to 2025 ASCO/CAP criteria, with HER2-low and HER2-ultralow status recorded where assessable);
• HR-positive (ER>10% according to the ASCO/CAP guidelines) ILC is eligible only if HER2 status is positive;
• Mixed ductal-lobular carcinomas are eligible provided that a clearly identified invasive lobular component is present and predominant (>50% lobular) and HR-negative/low criteria are met;
• Stage I-III disease at diagnosis; Patients with de novo stage IV disease who underwent surgery of the primary tumor will not be included in the main study cohort but may be captured in a separate exploratory cohort for dedicated analysis;
• Patients who underwent surgery of the primary tumor at the participating institution, either upfront or after neoadjuvant systemic treatment;
• Diagnosis occurred between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2025;
• Minimum follow-up of 12 months for patients without an event, unless recurrence or death occurred earlier;
• Local review by a dedicated breast pathologist to confirm the diagnosis and the related molecular features, with particular attention to the confirmation of apocrine morphology.

Exclusion criteria

• Pure IC NST without any lobular invasive component;
• ER or PR expression >10% in the invasive component, in cases with negative HER2 status;
• In situ lobular neoplasia (lobular carcinoma in situ) without an invasive component;
• De novo stage IV disease (such patients, if they underwent surgery of the primary tumor, will be captured in a separate exploratory cohort for a dedicated analysis)
• Synchronous invasive BC of another dominant histology requiring systemic treatment that precludes attribution of outcomes to HR-negative/low ILC;
• Prior invasive BC under active systemic treatment at the time of diagnosis, unless clearly documented as unrelated and not expected to confound outcomes;
• Insufficient data or follow up