National Psoriasis Foundation - Dendritic Cell-Specific Transmembrane Protein (DC-Stamp) Biomarker Study

Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA), a phenotypically heterogeneous disorder, is characterized by joint damage observed in over half of the patients with early disease. While anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents have greatly improved signs and symptoms and lessened joint damage, the fact that only a fraction of patients achieve complete remission underscores the tremendous unmet need for this population. To date, a biomarker that can stratify patients by severity and can serve as a leading indicator of treatment response has not been identified.

Our laboratory demonstrated that circulating osteoclast precursors (OCP) are elevated in PsA patients. OCP decline rapidly following anti-TNF therapy and levels are higher in subjects with erosive arthritis compared to those with no x-ray changes. The OCP are derived from CD14+ monocytes and the assay entails culture techniques that are costly, expensive and labor intensive. We developed an antibody (1A2) to Dendritic Cell Specific Transmembrane Protein (DC-STAMP), a potential marker of the OCP population, for analysis by flow cytometry. We found that: 1) the level of monocyte DC-STAMP expression correlated with in vitro osteoclast formation; 2) DC-STAMP expression is significantly elevated in PBMC from PsA subjects compared to controls; 3) TNF dramatically upregulated the expression of DC-STAMP in vitro; 4) DC-STAMP surface expression declined following anti-TNF therapy; 5) subsets of CD3+ cells also express DC-STAMP on the cell membrane. Based on these preliminary data, three hypotheses are proposed:

• DC-STAMP+ CD3+ T cells belong to the Th17 subset which facilitates OC generation;
• DC-STAMP is a marker of disease severity in PsA;
• DC-STAMP is a biomarker of treatment response in PsA.

We propose three Specific Aims to test these hypotheses.

Aim 1 To examine whether DC-STAMP+CD3+ cells belong to the Th17 cell subset, PBMC will be stained with Th17-specific antibodies in PsA subjects with elevated DC-STAMP expression. We will also examine the role of T cells in osteoclastogenesis directly by co-culture experiments and we will use monocyte cultures without added lymphocytes as controls. The expression of DC-STAMP on circulating dendritic cells will be examined ex vivo with 11-color flow cytometry.

Aim 2 To determine if increased DC-STAMP expression is associated with more severe features of PsA, DC-STAMP expression in 40 PsA subjects will be determined and correlated with clinical variables of arthritis and skin disease, CRP and x-ray damage.

Aim 3 To examine if DC-STAMP is a response marker to anti-TNF treatment, we will recruit 20 PsA patients in Aim 2 with elevated DC-STAMP expression and divide them into 2 groups. Ten subjects will receive methotrexate, and ten will receive anti-TNF therapy. The correlation between DC-STAMP variables (percentage of 1A2+ divided by 1A2 - cells X 100) and the variables detailed in Aim 2 will be analyzed in these 2 treatment groups at 2 different time points.

Inclusion criteria

• Subject must be >18 years old
• Subject must have >3 tender and swollen joints
• Subject must have must have a target lesion of greater than 3 cm in diameter
• Subjects who meet the the ClASsification of Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria for PsA
• Subjects must have a DC-STAMP pattern III or IV

Exclusion criteria

• Subjects with active inflammatory synovitis, dactylitis, enthesitis, osteoarthritis, axial disease, Subjects with a SLE, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma or inflammatory muscle disease
• Subjects with an active malignancy
• Subjects currently on biologic agents (anti-TNF agents, anti-T or B cells agents) and/or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (methotrexate, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine, azulfidine, cyclosporine, azathioprine)
• Subjects who have been off DMARDs or biologics for less than 3 months
• Subjects judged ineligible at the discretion of the PI
• Subjects with a history of crystalline arthritis (gout, pseudogout)
• Subject pregnancy or breast feeding
• History of recurrent infections - AIM 3 Specific
• Demyelinating disorders - AIM 3 Specific
• Prior non-responsiveness to TNFi - AIM 3 Specific
• Subjects who have a BMI >30 - AIM 3 Specific MTX arm
• Subjects who have a history of type II diabetes - AIM 3 Specific MTX arm
• Subjects with a history of substance abuse including alcohol - AIM 3 Specific MTX arm