Muscle Fat Compartments and Turnover as Determinant of Insulin Sensitivity

Higher levels of triglycerides (TG) and diacylglycerols (DAG) are found in skeletal muscle of patients with obesity/diabetes as well as in trained athletes. Despite similar metabolic storage, patients and athletes have opposite insulin sensitivity phenotypes and an explanation for this is lacking. The investigators' objective is to understand how these fat compartments can be beneficially modulated to improve insulin resistance and cardio-metabolic risk. The investigators will investigate if either structural differences (saturated versus unsaturated balance of TG and DAG side-chains) or different handling abilities (fast versus slow lipid pool turnover) will be induced by exercise capacity interventions in athletes and in diabetic patients. In a longitudinal study pre- and post-exercise, the investigators will use novel, non-invasive 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to benchmark the saturated/unsaturated compartments against skeletal muscle biopsies for the first time and stable isotope analysis for fat compartments' rate of turnover.

Inclusion criteria

• Type 2 diabetic patients, aged between 20-65, diagnosed as per WHO criteria, diet controlled or diet and any of the following oral hypoglycemics: metformin, sulphonylureas, glitazones, gliptins, acarbose, but not requiring insulin for controlling of blood glucose.
• Trained, athletic healthy controls, aged 18 and over.
• Participant who is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study.
• Able to perform exercise testing.

Exclusion criteria

• Any history of known coronary artery disease.
• Other endocrine conditions
• Impaired renal function defined as eGFR<60mls/min/1.73m2
• Known resting/24 hour BP >160/100mmHg
• Participants on ACE inhibitors
• Participants on PPAR agonists
• Participants on omega 3 fatty acids
• The existence of any medical or surgical condition that in the judgement of the investigators may interfere with the exercise regime, FA metabolism or may compromise the safety of the subject
• Presence of other significant concomitant heart diseases such as ischaemic, valvular, pericardial heart disease or cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle disorders
• Healthy volunteers that are on any chronic medication that in the judgment of the investigators is likely to affect the outcome of the study
• Significant asthma
• Significant pulmonary disease
• Participants unable to cycle on the ergometer
• Unable to perform exercise testing (e.g. prosthetic limbs)